Dawn Lowery 
Border Terrier
The Border Terrier is a small, hardy breed known for its otter-like head, dense wiry coat, and spirited yet good-natured personality. Originally bred in the border country between England and Scotland, these determined little dogs were developed to work alongside foxhounds, bolting foxes from their dens while keeping up with horses during hunts. Their name reflects their origins in the Cheviot Hills region, which forms the border between the two countries.
Known for their intelligence, adaptability, and affectionate nature, Border Terriers combine the typical terrier tenacity with a more biddable and less aggressive temperament than many terrier breeds. Their weather-resistant coat and sturdy build made them ideal for the harsh conditions of the border country, while their pleasant disposition has made them beloved family companions worldwide.
In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore everything you need to know about the Border Terrier—from their fascinating history as working terriers to their specific care requirements and whether this plucky, good-natured breed might be the right companion for your lifestyle.
Basic Information
The Border Terrier is a small, sturdy working terrier known for its otter-like head, dense wiry coat, and good-natured temperament. These hardy dogs combine the typical terrier spirit with a more biddable and less aggressive nature than many terrier breeds.
| Other Names | None commonly used |
|---|---|
| Breed Group | Terrier (AKC) |
| Origin | Border region of England and Scotland |
| Height | 12-15 inches at shoulder |
| Weight | 11.5-15.5 pounds (males 13-15.5, females 11.5-14) |
| Lifespan | 12-15 years |
| Coat | Double coat: harsh, dense wiry outer coat and soft undercoat |
| Colors | Red, grizzle and tan, blue and tan, wheaten |
| Temperament | Affectionate, obedient, easily trained, good-tempered |
| Energy Level | Moderate to high - requires regular daily exercise |
| Good With | Families, singles, seniors, other pets with socialization |
Did You Know?
Border Terriers were bred to have loose-fitting skin to protect them from injury when working in tight spaces or facing predators. This characteristic, combined with their narrow build, allowed them to follow foxes into their dens. Unlike many terrier breeds developed for show, Borders have changed very little from their original working form. Their distinctive otter-like head was specifically developed for functionality - the broad skull and strong jaws provided power for their work, while the shorter muzzle improved their breathing efficiency when working underground. Border Terriers were recognized by the English Kennel Club in 1920 and by the American Kennel Club in 1930, but they remain very close to their original working type despite their show ring success.
History and Origin
The Border Terrier was developed in the Cheviot Hills area along the border between England and Scotland, where it was bred to be a working terrier capable of keeping up with horses and hounds during fox hunts.
Development in the Border Country
The Border Terrier's origins can be traced to the 18th century in the border region between England and Scotland. They were developed by border farmers and shepherds who needed a hardy, game terrier that could work alongside foxhounds. The Border's specific job was to bolt foxes from their dens so the hounds could chase them, requiring a dog that was small enough to enter fox dens but tough enough to face a cornered fox.
These terriers needed to be able to keep up with horses during hunts, which required stamina and a lean, athletic build. Their weather-resistant double coat protected them from the harsh conditions of the border country, while their good temperament made them suitable as family companions when not working. The breed was first shown in agricultural shows in the 1870s and was officially recognized by the English Kennel Club in 1920.
Breed Recognition and Development
The first Border Terrier club was formed in 1920, the same year the breed was recognized by the English Kennel Club. The breed standard was established to preserve the working characteristics that made Borders effective in the field. Border Terriers were introduced to the United States in the 1930s and gained AKC recognition in 1930. While the breed has gained popularity as a companion, it has retained its working abilities and is still used for earthdog trials and hunting. Border Terriers have maintained a dedicated following among those who appreciate their versatility, good nature, and working heritage. They remain one of the most popular terrier breeds in the UK and have gained steady popularity in the United States and other countries.
Breed Development Timeline
- 18th Century: Developed in border region of England and Scotland
- 1870s: First shown at agricultural shows
- 1920: Recognized by English Kennel Club
- 1920: First Border Terrier club formed
- 1930: Recognized by American Kennel Club
- 2000s: Consistently ranked among most popular terrier breeds
- Present Day: Maintains working abilities while being popular companion
Appearance & Physical Traits
The Border Terrier is a small, sturdy dog with a distinctive otter-like head and a dense, wiry coat that reflects its working heritage.
Physical Characteristics
- Body: Narrow, fairly long, and deep, enabling it to follow game underground
- Head: Otter-like, with a broad skull and short, strong muzzle
- Eyes: Dark with a keen expression
- Ears: Small, V-shaped, dropping forward close to cheeks
- Tail: Moderately short, thick at base, tapering, set high, carried gaily
- Gait: Free, active, with good length of stride
Coat and Colors
The Border's weather-resistant coat requires regular maintenance:
- Coat Type: Double coat with harsh, dense wiry outer coat and soft undercoat
- Color Patterns: Red, grizzle and tan, blue and tan, wheaten
- Distinctive Feature: Loose-fitting skin that provides protection when working
- Coat Care: Weekly brushing and hand-stripping 2-3 times per year
- Special Note: Coat is naturally weather-resistant and waterproof
Size and Proportion
Border Terriers are small but sturdy working dogs:
- Height: 12-15 inches at shoulder
- Weight: 11.5-15.5 pounds (males 13-15.5, females 11.5-14)
- Build: Narrow and fairly long, enabling movement in tight spaces
- Substance: Well-boned, muscular without being bulky
Temperament & Personality
The Border Terrier's temperament combines the typical terrier spirit with a more biddable, good-natured personality that makes them excellent family companions.
Affectionate & Good-Natured
Border Terriers are known for their affectionate, good-natured temperament. They form strong bonds with their families and are generally more biddable and less aggressive than many terrier breeds.
Courageous & Game
Despite their friendly nature, Borders possess the courage and determination typical of working terriers. They're fearless when working and will tackle challenges with enthusiasm.
Intelligent & Alert
Border Terriers are highly intelligent dogs with excellent problem-solving abilities. They're naturally alert and make good watchdogs, though they're typically not excessive barkers.
Adaptable & Even-Tempered
Borders are highly adaptable and can thrive in various living situations. They're generally even-tempered and less excitable than many small terrier breeds.
Important Temperament Considerations
Border Terriers are intelligent, active dogs that require consistent training and socialization. While generally more biddable than many terrier breeds, they can still be stubborn and may challenge authority if not properly trained. Early and extensive socialization is crucial to ensure they develop appropriate behaviors around other dogs and people. Their strong prey drive means they may chase small animals, so secure containment is essential. Borders are sensitive to their owner's tone and respond poorly to harsh training methods. They thrive on positive reinforcement and clear, consistent communication. These dogs are generally excellent with children and make wonderful family pets. They can be reserved with strangers but are typically not aggressive without cause. Borders have a tendency to become destructive if bored or under-exercised, so mental and physical stimulation are important.
Temperament Traits
Exercise & Activity Needs
Border Terriers are active dogs that require regular daily exercise and mental stimulation to stay healthy and well-behaved.
Daily Exercise
45-60 Minutes
Brisk walks, active play sessions, or off-leash running in secure areas. Borders enjoy having space to explore but can adapt to smaller living spaces with proper exercise.
Mental stimulation is as important as physical exercise.
Structured Activities
20-30 Minutes
Obedience training, agility, earthdog trials, or other dog sports. These intelligent dogs enjoy learning new things and benefit from activities that engage their minds.
Fulfills their natural intelligence and working instincts.
Mental Stimulation
Daily
Puzzle toys, scent work, and training games provide necessary mental challenges. Their intelligent nature needs regular engagement to prevent boredom.
Prevents destructive behaviors from boredom.
Weekly Exercise Schedule
- Daily: 45-60 minutes of exercise + mental stimulation
- 3-4 times per week: Structured training or working activities
- Weekly: Opportunities for off-leash running in secure areas
- Ongoing: Access to safe exploration and sniffing opportunities
Exercise Considerations
Border Terrier puppies should not be over-exercised during their growth period to protect developing joints. Avoid strenuous exercise like long runs or jumping until they reach physical maturity around 12-15 months. Always use a sturdy leash or secure fencing, as their strong prey drive may cause them to chase small animals and ignore recall commands. These dogs excel at various dog sports including agility, obedience, earthdog trials, and rally, which provide excellent physical and mental outlets. Borders generally adapt well to different living situations but need regular opportunities to burn off energy. They thrive when given jobs to do and enjoy participating in activities that engage their natural intelligence and problem-solving abilities. Their working heritage means they particularly enjoy scent work and activities that utilize their natural hunting instincts.
Diet & Nutrition
Proper nutrition is essential for Border Terriers, who require a balanced diet to support their active lifestyle and maintain optimal health.
Puppy Diet
0-12 Months
High-quality small breed puppy food formulated for controlled growth, fed 3-4 times daily. Proper nutrition supports healthy bone and joint development.
Puppies need frequent, measured meals for proper growth.
Adult Diet
1-7 Years
High-quality adult dog food with balanced protein and controlled calories. Active adults typically need 1 to 1.5 cups daily, divided into two meals.
Adjust portions based on activity level and metabolism.
Senior Diet
7+ Years
Senior formula with joint support, controlled calories, and adjusted nutrient levels. Monitor weight and adjust portions as activity decreases.
Seniors may need smaller, more frequent meals.
Nutritional Requirements
- Protein: High-quality sources for muscle maintenance (22-26%)
- Fat: Moderate levels for energy without excessive weight gain
- Joint Support: Glucosamine and chondroitin for active dogs
- Omega Fatty Acids: Support skin, coat, and overall health
- Portion Control: Critical to prevent obesity and related health issues
Feeding Considerations
Border Terriers can be prone to food allergies, which may manifest as skin issues or digestive problems. Some individuals may be sensitive to grains or specific protein sources. Avoid free-feeding and measure all meals to prevent obesity, as Borders can easily gain weight. Use slow feeder bowls if your dog eats too quickly. Always provide fresh water. Borders are generally not prone to bloat like some deep-chested breeds, but it's still wise to avoid vigorous exercise immediately before or after meals. Consult your veterinarian for specific dietary recommendations based on your Border's age, activity level, and health status.
Health & Care
Border Terriers are generally healthy with a lifespan of 12-15 years, but like all breeds, they can be prone to certain health conditions.
Common Health Concerns
| Health Condition | Description | Prevention/Management |
|---|---|---|
| Hip Dysplasia | Developmental abnormality of hip joints | Weight management, proper nutrition, screening breeding dogs |
| Heart Defects | Various cardiac issues including PDA | Regular veterinary check-ups, screening breeding dogs |
| Epilepsy | Neurological disorder causing seizures | Medication management, regular veterinary care |
| Allergies | Skin or food allergies causing irritation | Identification of triggers, dietary management, medication |
| Eye Conditions | Progressive retinal atrophy, cataracts | Regular eye exams, surgical correction if needed |
| Canine Epileptoid Cramping Syndrome | Neurological condition unique to Borders | Management of symptoms, veterinary care |
Grooming Requirements
The Border's weather-resistant coat requires regular maintenance to keep it healthy and looking its best.
Regular Brushing
Weekly
Weekly brushing with slicker brush to remove dead hair and prevent mats. Regular ear cleaning, nail trimming, and dental care are also essential.
More frequent brushing during seasonal shedding.
Hand-Stripping
2-3 Times Yearly
Hand-stripping to maintain coat texture and appearance. Most owners prefer hand-stripping to clipping, which preserves the coat's weather-resistant qualities.
Clipping can soften coat texture over time.
Preventive Care
- Regular Veterinary Visits: Annual check-ups, more frequently for seniors
- Dental Care: Daily brushing and professional cleanings as needed
- Weight Management: Regular monitoring to prevent joint stress
- Ear Care: Weekly cleaning and inspection
- Parasite Prevention: Regular flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
Training & Behavior
Training a Border Terrier requires patience, consistency, and an understanding of their intelligent but independent nature.
Training Approach
- Positive Reinforcement: Use reward-based training with high-value treats, praise, and play
- Early Start: Begin training and socialization from 8-10 weeks old
- Consistency: Establish clear rules and expectations from the beginning
- Patience: Borders can be stubborn and require patient training
- Short Sessions: Keep training brief and engaging to maintain focus
Socialization Needs
Early and extensive socialization is crucial for Border Terriers:
- Puppy Classes: Enroll in puppy kindergarten for early socialization
- Various Environments: Expose to different people, places, and situations
- Controlled Introductions: Supervised meetings with various people and animals
- Positive Experiences: Ensure new experiences are positive and not overwhelming
Training Tips
Border Terriers respond best to positive reinforcement methods and patient, consistent training. Their intelligence means they learn quickly but may challenge commands that seem arbitrary. Socialization is particularly important to ensure they develop appropriate behaviors around other dogs and people. Their terrier instincts mean they need to learn appropriate boundaries with small animals. Training should focus on establishing reliable obedience and solid manners. Remember that Borders can be independent thinkers, so training should be engaging and rewarding. Be patient and consistent, and celebrate small victories. These dogs excel when given jobs to do and enjoy participating in canine sports that utilize their natural intelligence and problem-solving abilities. Their working heritage makes them particularly responsive to activities that engage their natural instincts like scent work and earthdog trials.
Common Behavioral Issues
- Digging: Natural terrier behavior that may be directed at yards
- Chasing: Strong prey drive toward small animals
- Barking: Alert barking at noises or movement
- Stubbornness: May ignore commands if not properly motivated
- Destructive Behavior: Can develop if bored or under-exercised
Living Environment
Border Terriers are highly adaptable and can thrive in various living situations when their exercise and mental stimulation needs are met.
Ideal Home Setup
- Space: Adaptable to apartments or houses with yards
- Secure Fencing: Essential due to their hunting instincts and tendency to wander
- Indoor Access: Should live indoors as part of the family
- Comfortable Resting: Comfortable beds to accommodate their small size
Family Compatibility
- Children: Excellent with respectful children; generally very good family pets
- Other Pets: May be challenging with small pets; can get along with other dogs when properly socialized
- Seniors: Excellent companions for active seniors
- First-time Owners: Good choice with commitment to training and consistency
Important Considerations
Border Terriers are small but active dogs that require proper containment and supervision. Their strong prey drive means they may chase small animals, so secure fencing is essential. They need consistent leadership and boundaries to thrive as family companions. Their weather-resistant coat requires regular grooming to maintain its appearance and health. Potential owners should be prepared for their exercise requirements and need for early and ongoing socialization. Borders are best suited for households where they receive adequate companionship. They're intelligent dogs who can become bored easily, so mental enrichment is as important as physical exercise. While generally good-natured, they can be reserved with strangers and make good watchdogs. Their tendency to wander means they should always be kept on leash or in securely fenced areas.
Best Living Situation
The ideal home for a Border Terrier is with an individual or family who:
- Can provide regular daily exercise and mental stimulation
- Values an intelligent, loyal companion with working heritage
- Can provide consistent training and leadership
- Is committed to regular grooming and veterinary care
- Has a securely fenced yard or commitment to leash walking
Cost & Availability
Border Terriers are a popular breed with good availability, though reputable breeders often have waiting lists.
Initial Costs
| Expense | Cost Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Purchase Price | $1,200 - $2,000+ | From reputable breeders; show quality at higher end |
| Adoption Fee | $300 - $600 | From shelters or breed-specific rescues |
| Initial Supplies | $400 - $700 | Crate, bed, bowls, collar, leash, grooming tools |
| Initial Vet Care | $400 - $700 | Exams, vaccinations, spay/neuter, microchip |
| Training Classes | $150 - $300 | Puppy kindergarten and basic obedience |
Annual Costs
- Food: $400 - $600 for high-quality dog food
- Veterinary Care: $500 - $800 for routine care and potential health issues
- Grooming: $300 - $600 for professional grooming/hand-stripping
- Preventive Medications: $300 - $500 for flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
- Training/Activities: $100 - $300 for ongoing classes or activities
- Miscellaneous: $300 - $500 for toys, treats, replacements
Availability
- Breeders: Reputable breeders available in most regions
- Rescues: Available through shelters and breed-specific rescues
- Popularity: Ranked 81st in AKC popularity (2023)
- Geographic Variation: Available throughout the country
- Waiting Period: Often a wait for puppies from reputable breeders
Similar Breeds
If you're interested in the Border Terrier but want to explore similar breeds, consider these alternatives:
Lakeland Terrier
Similar working terrier heritage and size but with different coat and more independent nature. Generally similar in energy level with comparable exercise requirements.
Welsh Terrier
Similar terrier temperament and size but with different coat colors and more independent nature. Generally similar in energy level with comparable exercise needs.
Norwich Terrier
Similar small size and terrier temperament but with different appearance and coat. Generally similar in energy level with different grooming requirements.
Parson Russell Terrier
Similar working terrier heritage and energy level but with different build and more intense personality. Generally higher energy with comparable exercise needs.
Frequently Asked Questions
Border Terriers are excellent family pets for the right families. They're affectionate, good-natured, and generally wonderful with respectful children. Their smaller size makes them suitable for various living situations, and their adaptable nature means they can thrive in both active households and quieter homes. They need families who understand and respect their terrier heritage and can provide the structure, exercise, and mental stimulation they require. With proper training and socialization, they can be wonderful family companions, and they're generally more biddable and less intense than many terrier breeds. They're a good choice for families looking for a small but sturdy dog with plenty of personality and a generally good temperament.
Border Terriers need about 45-60 minutes of exercise daily, plus mental stimulation. They enjoy brisk walks, active play sessions, and opportunities to run in safely enclosed areas. Their exercise should include daily walks and opportunities for off-leash running in securely fenced areas. Mental stimulation is particularly important for this intelligent breed. They're generally adaptable to different living situations but need regular outdoor activity. It's important to balance sufficient exercise with their small size, especially during their growth period. Puppies should not be over-exercised to protect developing joints. Borders are active indoors and enjoy interactive play with their families. Their working heritage means they particularly enjoy activities that engage their natural instincts like scent work and exploring.
Border Terriers can get along with other dogs, especially when properly socialized from puppyhood. However, their strong terrier instincts mean they may chase cats or other small pets, particularly if they run. Early socialization and training can help manage this instinct, but careful supervision is always recommended. Many Borders can learn to coexist peacefully with cats they're raised with, but their hunting instincts may still emerge. Introductions to other pets should be done gradually and under controlled circumstances. With proper management, many Borders live happily with other animals, but their interactions should always be supervised, especially with smaller pets. They generally get along well with other dogs, particularly when properly socialized.
Border Terriers are intelligent and capable learners, and they're generally more biddable than many terrier breeds. They respond well to positive reinforcement methods, consistency, and patience. Their intelligence means they learn quickly and can excel in various dog sports. Training should be engaging and varied to maintain their interest. Early socialization and obedience training are crucial for developing a well-mannered adult. While they can occasionally be stubborn, they're generally considered one of the more trainable terrier breeds. Their intelligence means they excel at advanced training and dog sports. Their working heritage makes them particularly responsive to activities that engage their natural instincts. With consistent, positive training methods, most Borders become well-behaved companions.
Border Terriers are considered a low to moderate shedding breed. Their wiry double coat sheds minimally compared to many breeds, but they do require regular grooming to maintain their coat's health and appearance. Regular brushing helps remove dead hair, and hand-stripping 2-3 times per year is typically recommended to maintain the coat's texture and weather-resistant qualities. While no dog is completely non-shedding, Borders shed significantly less than many other breeds. Regular grooming not only controls shedding but also helps distribute skin oils and keep the coat healthy. Their low to moderate shedding characteristic makes them a reasonable choice for people with mild allergies, though no terrier is truly hypoallergenic.
The average lifespan of a Border Terrier is 12-15 years, which is typical for a small to medium-sized breed. With excellent care, some individuals may live slightly longer. Factors that influence lifespan include genetics, diet, exercise, preventive veterinary care, and management of any health issues. Providing a healthy lifestyle with proper weight management, regular veterinary check-ups, attention to joint health, and prompt treatment of any health concerns can help ensure your Border lives a long, healthy life. Like all breeds, they can be prone to certain health conditions that can affect quality of life and longevity, so working with a reputable breeder who health tests their breeding stock is important.
Border Terriers can be an excellent choice for first-time dog owners who are prepared for their exercise and training needs. Their generally good temperament, intelligence, and adaptability make them suitable for various living situations. However, first-time owners should be prepared for their energy level and need for consistent training. Their grooming requirements, while not excessive, do require regular attention. A dedicated first-time owner who does thorough research, works with experienced trainers, commits to proper socialization, and is fully prepared for the breed's needs can succeed with a Border Terrier. They're generally considered one of the better terrier breeds for first-time owners due to their more biddable nature and generally good temperament.
Border Terriers have moderate grooming requirements. Their distinctive wiry coat requires weekly brushing to prevent mats and remove dead hair. Most owners opt for hand-stripping 2-3 times per year to maintain the coat's texture and weather-resistant qualities, though some owners choose clipping instead. Hand-stripping preserves the coat's qualities better than clipping but requires more skill. In addition to coat care, their ears need weekly cleaning to prevent infections, and their nails require regular trimming. While they're not the highest maintenance breed in terms of grooming, they do require more care than short-coated breeds. Regular grooming not only maintains their appearance but also contributes to their overall health and comfort.
Bottom Line: Is a Border Terrier Right for You?
The Border Terrier is a delightful breed that combines the typical terrier spirit with a more biddable, good-natured personality. These hardy, intelligent dogs have maintained their working abilities while becoming beloved family companions worldwide. Their distinctive otter-like head, weather-resistant coat, and compact but sturdy build reflect their origins in the harsh border country between England and Scotland. Border Terriers are known for their affectionate nature, intelligence, and adaptability, making them suitable for various living situations when their exercise and mental stimulation needs are met. However, they're not the right choice for everyone. Their strong prey drive, tendency to wander, and need for consistent training require committed ownership. They thrive in homes with clear leadership and families who understand and respect their working heritage. If you're looking for an intelligent, affectionate companion in a small but sturdy package and are prepared for their specific needs—including regular exercise, consistent training, and proper grooming—the Border Terrier might be your perfect match. This plucky terrier rewards dedicated owners with unwavering loyalty, impressive intelligence, and a generally good-natured temperament that has made them one of the most popular terrier breeds for decades.
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