Dawn Lowery 
Shih Tzu
The Shih Tzu, whose name means "lion dog" in Chinese, is a small but sturdy toy breed known for its luxurious double coat, distinctive underbite, and friendly, outgoing personality. With their proud carriage and charming expression, these dogs have been cherished companions for centuries.
Originally bred as palace pets for Chinese royalty, Shih Tzus combine elegance with a playful, affectionate nature. They are equally content lounging on a velvet cushion or playing with their favorite toys, making them wonderful companions for various lifestyles.
In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore everything you need to know about the Shih Tzu breed—from their fascinating imperial history and distinctive characteristics to their specific care requirements and health considerations. Whether you're considering adding a Shih Tzu to your family or simply want to learn more about this beloved breed, this guide will provide valuable insights into these delightful companion dogs.
History & Origin
The Shih Tzu has a regal history dating back to ancient China, where they were bred and cherished by Chinese royalty during the Ming and Qing dynasties. These small dogs were highly prized in the imperial court and were considered so valuable that they were rarely sold or traded outside China.
Imperial Connections
According to historical records, Shih Tzus were bred to resemble lions, which are important symbols in Buddhism. Some legends suggest that Shih Tzus were the companions of Buddha and that they traveled with him, transforming into lions to protect him when danger approached. Their name "Shih Tzu" literally translates to "lion dog" in Mandarin Chinese.
Breed Development
The modern Shih Tzu likely descended from crossing the Lhasa Apso or Tibetan mountain dogs with the Pekingese. The breed was developed in the Chinese imperial court to be a small, sturdy companion dog with a luxurious coat and charming personality. For centuries, the Chinese kept the breed isolated, and it wasn't until the 1930s that the first Shih Tzus were imported to England.
| Timeline | Development | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| 7th-10th Century | Bred in Chinese imperial courts | Companions for royalty and nobility |
| 1930s | First imports to England | Introduction to Western countries |
| 1969 | Recognized by American Kennel Club | Official entry into AKC Toy Group |
| Present Day | Consistently popular companion | Ranked 20th in AKC popularity |
Breed Characteristics
Shih Tzus possess a distinctive set of physical and behavioral traits that make them easily recognizable and beloved by their owners worldwide.
Affection Level
Very High
Shih Tzus are extremely affectionate dogs that thrive on human companionship. They form strong bonds with their families and enjoy being involved in all household activities.
True companion dogs
Alertness
Moderate
While not excessive barkers, Shih Tzus will alert their owners to visitors or unusual sounds. They make decent watchdogs despite their small size.
Good alert dogs
Adaptability
High
Shih Tzus adapt well to various living situations, from apartments to larger homes. They thrive equally in city and country environments as long as they're with their people.
Excellent for various lifestyles
Breed Characteristic Ratings
Breed Expert Perspective
According to breed specialists, Shih Tzus are true companion dogs through and through. Their primary purpose throughout history has been to provide affection and companionship to their owners. This makes them exceptionally well-suited to this role but means they don't always display the same working drive or independence seen in some other breeds. Their adaptability and moderate exercise needs make them excellent pets for city dwellers, seniors, and families alike.
Appearance
The Shih Tzu is a sturdy, small dog with a distinctively proud carriage and luxurious double coat that demands attention.
Size and Proportion
| Measurement | Range | Breed Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Height | 8-11 inches | Measured at the shoulder |
| Weight | 9-16 pounds | Solid and substantial for size |
| Body Length | Longer than tall | Rectangular outline |
Coat Colors and Patterns
Shih Tzus come in a wide variety of colors and patterns, with all colors being acceptable according to breed standards:
Gold & White
One of the most common and recognizable color combinations, featuring a white base with gold markings on the ears, back, and sometimes face.
Black & White
A striking combination with a predominantly white coat and black markings, often including a black mask on the face.
Solid Black
A less common but beautiful solid black coat that shines brilliantly when well-groomed and healthy.
Liver & White
A rich brown and white combination that creates a warm, appealing appearance with matching liver-colored nose and eye rims.
Brindle
A striking pattern featuring streaks of color that create a tiger-stripe effect, often in combinations of gold, black, and white.
Parti-Color
Any combination of white with another color where the white covers at least 50% of the body, creating a patchwork appearance.
The Chrysanthemum Face
The distinctive facial hair of the Shih Tzu grows in all directions, creating what breeders call a "chrysanthemum face." This unique growth pattern around the nose and mouth resembles the petals of a chrysanthemum flower. To keep hair out of their eyes and maintain clear vision, many owners use decorative clips or tie the hair up in a topknot, a practice that dates back to their days in the Chinese imperial court.
Temperament & Personality
Shih Tzus are renowned for their cheerful, outgoing, and affectionate nature. They are true companion dogs that thrive on human interaction and make excellent family pets.
With Family
Shih Tzus form strong bonds with all family members and are particularly known for their devotion to their owners. They enjoy being involved in household activities and will often follow their favorite people from room to room. Their small size and generally gentle nature make them suitable for families with considerate children.
With Other Pets
With proper socialization, Shih Tzus generally get along well with other dogs and can coexist peacefully with cats. Their non-aggressive nature makes them excellent candidates for multi-pet households, though their royal heritage sometimes makes them act like they rule the roost!
With Strangers
These little dogs are typically friendly toward strangers and rarely show suspicion or aggression. While this makes them poor guard dogs, it contributes to their reputation as wonderful therapy dogs and companions in various social settings. They often seem to believe that everyone they meet exists to admire them.
Stubborn Streak
Despite their small size and generally sweet nature, Shih Tzus can have a surprisingly stubborn streak. This trait stems from their history as cherished companions who were rarely required to work or obey commands. Patience, consistency, and positive reinforcement are key to successful training. They respond best to training that feels like a game rather than work.
Intelligence & Trainability
Shih Tzus are intelligent dogs that can learn quickly, but their independent nature means they may choose whether to obey commands based on their mood. They respond best to positive reinforcement methods and short, engaging training sessions. House training can sometimes be challenging and requires consistency and patience.
Health & Lifespan
While generally a healthy breed, Shih Tzus are predisposed to certain health conditions that prospective owners should be aware of.
Respiratory Issues
Common Concern
Their short muzzle makes them prone to brachycephalic syndrome, which can cause breathing difficulties, especially in hot or humid weather.
Avoid overheating
Eye Conditions
Frequent Issues
Including corneal ulcers, dry eye, and progressive retinal atrophy. Their prominent eyes are vulnerable to injury and irritation.
Regular eye checks essential
Dental Problems
Very Common
Their small mouths often lead to crowded teeth, making them prone to periodontal disease. Daily dental care is crucial.
Requires daily attention
Lifespan and Vital Statistics
| Health Aspect | Average | Considerations |
|---|---|---|
| Lifespan | 10-16 years | With proper care, many live beyond 15 years |
| Common Health Screenings | Eyes, knees, heart | Annual veterinary checks recommended |
| Exercise Needs | 20-30 minutes daily | Moderate activity level |
| Weight Management | 9-16 pounds | Prone to obesity if overfed |
Health Testing Recommendations
Responsible breeders test their breeding stock for common Shih Tzu health issues. When looking for a Shih Tzu puppy, ask breeders for proof of health clearances for patellar luxation, hip evaluations, and eye certifications from the Canine Eye Registration Foundation (CERF). These precautions don't guarantee a healthy dog but significantly reduce the risk of hereditary conditions.
Grooming Needs
The Shih Tzu's beautiful long, flowing coat is their most distinctive feature but requires significant maintenance to keep it healthy and mat-free.
Daily Brushing
Essential
Their long, fine hair tangles easily and requires daily brushing to prevent mats and remove debris.
Prevents painful matting
Regular Bathing
Every 3-4 Weeks
Frequent bathing with quality dog shampoo keeps their coat clean, healthy, and smelling fresh.
Use conditioner to prevent tangles
Professional Grooming
Every 4-6 Weeks
Regular professional grooming maintains coat health and can provide a practical shorter clip for easier maintenance.
Puppy clip popular for pets
Additional Grooming Needs
- Face cleaning: Daily wiping of face folds to prevent irritation and infection
- Ear care: Weekly cleaning to prevent infections common in floppy-eared breeds
- Nail trimming: Every 2-3 weeks to prevent discomfort and mobility issues
- Dental care: Daily brushing to combat periodontal disease
The Puppy Cut Alternative
Many Shih Tzu owners opt for a "puppy cut" or "teddy bear cut" – a shorter, even trim all over the body – to reduce grooming time while maintaining the breed's adorable appearance. This practical clip significantly reduces daily brushing requirements while keeping the dog comfortable and cute. Despite the name, this cut is suitable for Shih Tzus of all ages and is particularly popular for pets rather than show dogs.
Training & Exercise
Shih Tzus are intelligent but can be independent thinkers, making training require patience and the right approach.
Effective Training Methods
- Positive reinforcement: Use treats, praise, and play as motivation
- Short sessions: Keep training brief (5-10 minutes) to maintain interest
- Consistency: All family members should use the same commands and rules
- Patience: They may take longer to house train than some breeds
Exercise Requirements
While not overly energetic, Shih Tzus need regular exercise to maintain physical and mental health:
- Daily walks: 15-30 minutes of leash walking
- Indoor play: Interactive games that don't require much space
- Mental stimulation: Puzzle toys, training sessions, and new experiences
- Socialization: Exposure to different people, places, and situations
Heat Sensitivity
Due to their brachycephalic (short-faced) structure, Shih Tzus are highly sensitive to heat and humidity. Avoid exercising them during the hottest parts of the day, provide plenty of water, and watch for signs of overheating such as excessive panting, difficulty breathing, or lethargy. In very hot weather, indoor play may be safer than outdoor exercise.
Nutrition & Feeding
Proper nutrition is essential for maintaining your Shih Tzu's health, coat condition, and ideal weight.
Dietary Requirements
| Life Stage | Daily Amount | Special Considerations |
|---|---|---|
| Puppy (2-12 months) | 1/4 - 1/2 cup | High-quality small breed puppy food, divided into 3-4 meals |
| Adult (1-7 years) | 1/2 - 1 cup | Maintenance formula for small breeds, divided into 2 meals |
| Senior (7+ years) | 1/2 - 3/4 cup | Senior formula, possibly joint supplements |
Weight Management
Shih Tzus have a tendency to gain weight if overfed. To maintain a healthy weight:
- Measure food portions rather than free-feeding
- Choose high-quality food with appropriate protein and fat levels
- Limit high-calorie treats and avoid table scraps
- Adjust food amount based on activity level and metabolism
- Regularly assess body condition (you should be able to feel but not see ribs)
Special Dietary Considerations
Some Shih Tzus may have food sensitivities or allergies. Common signs include itchy skin, ear infections, or digestive issues. Due to their small size and specific nutritional needs, choose a high-quality small breed formula with appropriate kibble size. Foods containing omega fatty acids can help maintain skin and coat health. Always provide fresh, clean water, and consider using a raised feeder to make eating more comfortable.
Living Requirements
Shih Tzus are highly adaptable dogs that can thrive in various living situations, from small apartments to larger homes.
Apartment Living
Their small size, moderate energy level, and relatively quiet nature make Shih Tzus excellent apartment dogs. They don't require a yard as long as they receive daily walks and indoor playtime. Their adaptability makes them well-suited for urban living.
House with Yard
While Shih Tzus enjoy access to a safely fenced yard, they should not be left outside unsupervised for extended periods. They are companion dogs who want to be with their families indoors. A yard provides additional space for brief play and potty breaks but doesn't replace daily walks and indoor interaction.
Climate Considerations
Shih Tzus need special consideration in various weather conditions:
- Hot weather: Highly sensitive to heat; provide air conditioning and limit outdoor time
- Cold weather: May need a sweater or coat in very cold temperatures due to their single coat
- Rainy weather: Many dislike getting wet and may need encouragement for potty breaks in rain
Ideal Home Environment
The perfect home for a Shih Tzu is one where they won't be left alone for long periods. They thrive in households where someone is home most of the day or where they can accompany their owner. Shih Tzus do well with families, singles, and seniors alike, as long as their need for companionship is met. Their small size and adaptable nature make them excellent travel companions, and many enjoy accompanying their owners on adventures.
Finding a Responsible Breeder
Choosing a responsible breeder is crucial for acquiring a healthy, well-socialized Shih Tzu with a good temperament.
Signs of a Responsible Breeder
- Health tests all breeding stock for common Shih Tzu conditions
- Raises puppies in home environment with plenty of human interaction
- Provides documentation of health clearances and pedigree
- Asks you questions to ensure their puppies are going to suitable homes
- Offers ongoing support and takes back dogs if needed
- Shows you the mother dog and living conditions
- Follows the Shih Tzu breed standard
Red Flags to Avoid
- Multiple litters available at once or frequently
- Won't let you see where puppies are raised or meet the mother
- No health testing of parent dogs
- Pressure to pay quickly or meet in neutral location
- Puppies significantly cheaper than average market price
- Focuses on rare colors or features as selling points
Adoption Option
Consider checking Shih Tzu-specific rescue organizations if you're open to adopting an adult dog. Breed rescues often have Shih Tzus of various ages needing forever homes. This can be a rewarding way to provide a home to a dog in need while potentially avoiding some of the challenges of puppyhood and often at a lower cost than purchasing from a breeder.
Avoiding Puppy Mills
Puppy mills prioritize profit over animal welfare and often produce dogs with health and behavioral issues. Never buy a puppy from a pet store, website offering immediate shipment, or breeder who won't allow you to visit their facility. Responsible breeders care about where their puppies go and will want to meet potential owners in person. The American Shih Tzu Club can provide referrals to reputable breeders.
Conclusion: Is a Shih Tzu Right for You?
The Shih Tzu is a delightful companion dog that brings joy, affection, and a touch of royal elegance to any household. With their cheerful temperament, adaptable nature, and beautiful appearance, it's easy to understand why they've remained popular for centuries. However, they're not the right choice for everyone.
These dogs thrive in homes where they'll receive plenty of attention, regular grooming, and moderate exercise. They're well-suited for families with gentle children, singles, and seniors who can provide the companionship they crave. Their small size makes them suitable for various living situations, from apartments to larger homes.
Prospective owners should be prepared for their significant grooming needs, potential health issues (particularly respiratory and dental), and sometimes stubborn nature. With proper care, regular veterinary check-ups, consistent training, and lots of love, a Shih Tzu can be a wonderful addition to the right family, offering years of loyal companionship and unconditional affection.
Frequently Asked Questions
Shih Tzus can be good with children when properly socialized and when children are taught to handle them gently. Their small size makes them vulnerable to injury from rough handling, so supervision is essential with young children. They generally have a patient nature but may become stressed by loud noises or unpredictable movements. Shih Tzus often do best with older, considerate children who understand how to interact appropriately with small dogs.
Shih Tzus have moderate exercise needs. They typically require 20-30 minutes of daily activity, which can be divided into short walks and indoor play sessions. They enjoy outings but don't need extensive exercise to be content. Mental stimulation is just as important as physical exercise for this intelligent breed. Due to their brachycephalic features, avoid strenuous exercise, especially in hot or humid weather.
Shih Tzus are not known as excessive barkers compared to some other small breeds. They may bark to alert you to visitors or unusual sounds but are generally not yappy dogs. However, like any dog, they may develop barking issues if bored, under-exercised, or suffering from separation anxiety. Proper training and meeting their physical and mental needs can help prevent nuisance barking.
Shih Tzus are intelligent but can be independent and sometimes stubborn, which can make training challenging. They respond best to positive reinforcement methods, patience, and consistency. Keep training sessions short and engaging to maintain their interest. House training can be particularly challenging and may take longer than with some other breeds. Despite these challenges, many Shih Tzus excel in obedience and agility with the right approach.
Breathing problems in Shih Tzus can range from mild to serious. Their brachycephalic (short-faced) structure makes them prone to brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Symptoms can include noisy breathing, snoring, exercise intolerance, and difficulty cooling themselves. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary. Responsible breeding practices that avoid extremely short muzzles can help reduce these issues. Always monitor your Shih Tzu in warm weather and avoid situations that could cause respiratory distress.
Shih Tzus do not do well when left alone for extended periods. They are companion dogs that form strong bonds with their families and are prone to separation anxiety. If you work full-time outside the home, a Shih Tzu may not be the best choice unless you can make arrangements for someone to check on them, take them to doggy daycare, or work from home. Leaving them alone for more than 4-5 hours regularly can lead to anxiety-related behaviors and excessive barking.
Though they share similar origins and appearances, Shih Tzus and Lhasa Apsos are distinct breeds. Shih Tzus are generally smaller with a shorter muzzle, more prominent eyes, and a softer expression. Lhasa Apsos tend to be slightly larger with a longer muzzle and more protective nature. Shih Tzus were bred specifically as companion animals, while Lhasa Apsos were originally watchdogs for Tibetan monasteries. Temperamentally, Shih Tzus are typically more outgoing and friendly with strangers, while Lhasa Apsos can be more reserved and alert.
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