Dawn Lowery 
American Pitbull Terrier
American Pitbull Terrier: The Misunderigned Companion
Loyal, Energetic, and Affectionate
The American Pit Bull Terrier is a breed surrounded by controversy and misconceptions, yet those who know them describe them as loyal, intelligent, and affectionate family companions. Originally bred for bull-baiting and later as farm dogs, these muscular, energetic dogs have evolved into beloved pets known for their unwavering loyalty and zest for life.
Despite their tough exterior and historical working background, properly bred and socialized Pit Bulls are renowned for their affectionate nature, often described as "nanny dogs" for their gentle behavior with children. Their intelligence and eagerness to please make them highly trainable, though their strength and energy require dedicated owners.
In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore the true nature of the American Pit Bull Terrier—from their complex history to their specific care requirements and whether this often misunderstood breed might be the right companion for your lifestyle and experience level.
Basic Information
The American Pit Bull Terrier is a medium-sized, solidly built dog known for its strength, intelligence, and high energy. Despite their controversial reputation, well-bred and properly socialized Pit Bulls are affectionate, loyal companions with a zest for life.
| Other Names | Pit Bull, APBT, Pitty |
|---|---|
| Breed Group | Terrier (UKC), Not AKC Recognized |
| Origin | United Kingdom / United States |
| Height | 17-21 inches (males 18-21", females 17-20") |
| Weight | 30-65 pounds (males 35-65, females 30-50) |
| Lifespan | 12-16 years |
| Coat | Short, smooth, glossy; single coat |
| Colors | All colors and patterns including brindle, black, blue, fawn, red |
| Temperament | Loyal, affectionate, intelligent, energetic, courageous |
| Energy Level | High - requires substantial daily exercise |
| Good With | Families with older children, experienced owners |
Did You Know?
During the early 20th century, Pit Bulls were known as "nanny dogs" because of their gentle and protective nature with children. Famous historical figures like Helen Keller, Laura Ingalls Wilder, and President Theodore Roosevelt all owned Pit Bulls. The breed was also the United States military mascot during World War I, appearing on recruitment posters as a symbol of American strength and loyalty.
History and Origin
The American Pit Bull Terrier has a complex history that begins in 19th century England, Scotland, and Ireland, where they were originally bred from Old English Bulldogs and terriers.
European Origins
The breed's ancestors were originally developed for bull-baiting—a popular blood sport in which dogs were set upon a tethered bull. When bull-baiting was outlawed in 1835, these dogs were then bred for dog fighting, which continued underground. Despite this violent history, responsible breeders also selected for traits like gentleness with humans, as handlers needed to be able to safely separate fighting dogs without being bitten.
Immigrants brought these dogs to America, where they served as all-around farm dogs, protecting property, hunting wild game, and providing companionship. In the New World, the breed was developed further, becoming slightly larger and more muscular than its English counterparts, eventually becoming known as the American Pit Bull Terrier.
From Working Dog to Family Companion
As Pit Bulls transitioned from working dogs to family companions in the early 20th century, they became one of America's most popular breeds. They starred in movies like the "Our Gang" series, served as military mascots, and were featured in advertising campaigns. Their popularity began to decline in the 1980s when they became associated with dogfighting and urban gangs. Breed-specific legislation and media sensationalism further damaged their reputation, despite responsible owners and breed advocates working to promote the breed's true nature as loyal family companions.
Breed Development Timeline
- Early 1800s: Developed in UK from bulldog and terrier crosses for blood sports
- Mid-1800s: Immigrants bring the breed to America
- Late 1800s: United Kennel Club formed specifically for Pit Bull registration
- Early 1900s: Popular family pets and working dogs; "nanny dog" reputation
- World War I: Used as military mascots and patriotic symbols
- 1980s-Present: Media sensationalism leads to controversy and breed-specific legislation
- 21st Century: Growing advocacy and rehabilitation of breed reputation
Appearance & Physical Traits
The American Pit Bull Terrier is a medium-sized, solidly built dog with a muscular, athletic appearance that conveys strength and agility.
Physical Characteristics
- Body: Slightly longer than tall, muscular and athletic with strong bone structure
- Head: Medium length, blocky skull with well-defined cheeks and powerful jaws
- Eyes: Medium size, round to almond-shaped, all colors accepted
- Ears: Can be natural or cropped; rose or half-prick when natural
- Tail: Medium length, tapering to a point, carried horizontally when alert
- Gait: Springy, powerful, and effortless conveying strength and agility
Coat and Colors
The Pit Bull's coat is short, smooth, and glossy, coming in virtually any color or pattern:
- Coat Type: Single coat, short, stiff to the touch, glossy
- Color Patterns: Solid, brindle, parti-color, patched, or spotted
- Common Colors: Black, blue, fawn, red, brown, tan, white
- Markings: Any combination of markings including white markings
- Disqualifications: Merle pattern, albinism in some registries
Size and Proportion
Pit Bulls are medium-sized, muscular dogs with balanced proportions:
- Height: Males 18-21 inches; females 17-20 inches at shoulder
- Weight: Males 35-65 pounds; females 30-50 pounds
- Build: Slightly longer than tall, well-balanced and athletic
- Substance: Solid bone and substantial muscle mass for size
Temperament & Personality
The American Pit Bull Terrier's temperament combines unwavering loyalty with energetic playfulness, creating an enthusiastic companion that thrives on human interaction.
Affectionate & People-Oriented
Pit Bulls are famously people-oriented and form strong bonds with their families. They often want to be involved in all family activities and may follow their owners from room to room.
Energetic & Playful
These dogs have a zest for life and maintain a playful, puppy-like demeanor well into adulthood. They love games, toys, and any activity that involves their human companions.
Intelligent & Trainable
Pit Bulls are highly intelligent and eager to please, making them responsive to training. They excel in various dog sports and enjoy mental challenges.
Courageous & Resilient
Bred for tenacity, Pit Bulls are courageous and determined. This trait makes them excellent working dogs but requires proper channeling through training and activities.
Important Temperament Considerations
While Pit Bulls are typically affectionate with people, they may exhibit dog selectivity or same-sex aggression, particularly as they mature. Early and ongoing socialization is crucial. Their high energy level and strength require proper outlets through exercise and training. Pit Bulls are sensitive dogs that respond poorly to harsh training methods. They thrive on positive reinforcement and consistent leadership. Their people-oriented nature means they can develop separation anxiety if left alone for long periods. Responsible ownership includes understanding breed-specific legislation in your area and being an ambassador for the breed through proper management and training.
Temperament Traits
Exercise & Activity Needs
Pit Bulls are high-energy dogs that require substantial daily exercise and mental stimulation to stay physically and mentally healthy.
Daily Exercise
90+ Minutes
Vigorous walks, running, hiking, or active play sessions. Pit Bulls need both physical and mental exercise to prevent boredom and destructive behaviors.
Mental stimulation is as important as physical exercise.
Structured Activities
30-60 Minutes
Obedience training, agility, weight pulling, or other dog sports. These intelligent dogs thrive when given jobs and excel in various canine sports.
Channel their energy into positive activities.
Mental Stimulation
Daily
Puzzle toys, training games, nose work, and interactive play provide necessary mental challenges. Their intelligent nature needs regular engagement.
Prevents boredom-related behaviors.
Weekly Exercise Schedule
- Daily: 90+ minutes of vigorous exercise divided into multiple sessions
- 5-6 times per week: Structured training or dog sports activities
- Weekly: Opportunities for off-leash running in securely fenced areas
- Ongoing: Access to chew toys and interactive puzzle games
Exercise Considerations
Pit Bulls are athletic dogs with high endurance, but their short coats make them sensitive to extreme temperatures. In hot weather, exercise during cooler parts of the day and provide plenty of water. In cold weather, consider a dog coat for extended outdoor activities. Due to potential dog selectivity, be cautious in dog parks and always use a secure leash and harness. These dogs excel at various activities including agility, obedience, weight pulling, and nose work, which provide excellent physical and mental outlets. Proper exercise not only keeps them physically fit but also helps prevent behavior problems stemming from pent-up energy.
Diet & Nutrition
Proper nutrition is essential for Pit Bulls, who require a balanced diet to support their active lifestyle and muscular build.
Puppy Diet
0-12 Months
High-quality puppy food formulated for medium to large breeds, fed 3-4 times daily. Proper nutrition supports healthy growth and development.
Puppies need frequent, measured meals for proper development.
Adult Diet
1-7 Years
High-quality adult dog food with balanced protein for muscle maintenance. Adults typically need 2-3 cups daily, divided into two meals.
Adjust portions based on activity level and metabolism.
Senior Diet
7+ Years
Senior formula with joint support, controlled calories, and adjusted nutrient levels. Monitor weight as metabolism slows.
Seniors may need smaller, more frequent meals.
Nutritional Requirements
- Protein: High-quality sources for muscle maintenance (25-30%)
- Fat: Moderate levels for energy without excessive weight gain
- Joint Support: Glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health
- Omega Fatty Acids: Support skin, coat, and overall health
- Portion Control: Important to prevent obesity in this food-motivated breed
Feeding Considerations
Pit Bulls can be prone to food allergies, which may manifest as skin issues or digestive problems. Monitor for reactions to common allergens like chicken, beef, or grains. These dogs are often food-motivated, which can be advantageous for training but requires careful portion control to prevent obesity. Use slow feeder bowls if your Pit Bull eats too quickly. Always provide fresh water and avoid feeding immediately before or after vigorous exercise. Some Pit Bulls may be prone to bloating, though less commonly than deep-chested breeds. Consult your veterinarian for specific dietary recommendations based on your dog's age, activity level, and health status.
Health & Care
Pit Bulls are generally healthy with a lifespan of 12-16 years, but like many purebred dogs, they can be prone to certain health conditions.
Common Health Concerns
| Health Condition | Description | Prevention/Management |
|---|---|---|
| Hip Dysplasia | Developmental abnormality of hip joints | Weight management, proper nutrition, screening breeding dogs |
| Skin Allergies | Environmental or food allergies causing skin issues | Identify allergens, special diets, medications as needed |
| Heart Disease | Congenital heart defects, particularly aortic stenosis | Regular cardiac screening, medication management |
| Cerebellar Ataxia | Neurological condition affecting coordination | Genetic testing of breeding dogs, supportive care |
| Thyroid Issues | Hypothyroidism affecting metabolism | Medication, regular blood tests, weight management |
| Demodectic Mange | Skin condition caused by mites | Good nutrition, veterinary treatment, immune support |
Grooming Requirements
The Pit Bull's short coat is low-maintenance but requires regular attention, especially for skin health.
Regular Brushing
Weekly
Weekly brushing with rubber curry brush or grooming mitt. Bathing as needed with gentle dog shampoo. Regular ear cleaning, nail trimming, and dental care.
Minimal shedding compared to many breeds.
Skin & Coat Care
As Needed
Regular inspection for skin issues, ticks, and other parasites. Professional grooming optional. Special attention to skin folds and ears.
Prone to skin allergies requiring special care.
Preventive Care
- Regular Veterinary Visits: Annual check-ups, more frequently for seniors
- Dental Care: Daily brushing and professional cleanings as needed
- Weight Management: Regular monitoring to prevent joint stress
- Parasite Prevention: Regular flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
- Vaccinations: Keep up to date with core vaccines
Training & Behavior
Training a Pit Bull requires consistency, positive reinforcement, and an understanding of their intelligent, energetic nature.
Training Approach
- Positive Reinforcement: Use reward-based training with high-value treats, praise, and play
- Early Start: Begin training and socialization from 8-10 weeks old
- Consistency: Establish clear rules and expectations from the beginning
- Make it Fun: Pit Bulls respond best to training that is engaging and positive
- Short Sessions: Keep training brief and engaging to maintain focus
Socialization Needs
Early and extensive socialization is crucial for Pit Bulls:
- Puppy Classes: Enroll in puppy kindergarten for early socialization
- Various Environments: Expose to different people, places, and situations
- Controlled Introductions: Supervised meetings with various people and animals
- Positive Experiences: Ensure new experiences are positive and not overwhelming
Training Tips
Pit Bulls respond best to positive reinforcement methods and patient, consistent training. Their intelligence and eagerness to please make them highly trainable, but their energy level means training sessions should be engaging and varied. Socialization is particularly important to ensure they develop into well-adjusted adults. Their strong prey drive means they need to learn appropriate behavior around small animals. Training should focus on establishing reliable obedience and good manners. Remember that Pit Bulls are sensitive dogs that do not respond well to harsh training methods. Be patient and consistent, and celebrate small victories. These dogs excel when given jobs and purpose in their training.
Common Behavioral Issues
- Dog Selectivity: May not get along with all other dogs, particularly same-sex
- Separation Anxiety: Can develop when left alone for long periods
- High Prey Drive: May chase small animals without proper training
- Destructive Behavior: If under-exercised or bored
- Jumping: Energetic greeting behavior that needs management
Living Environment
Pit Bulls can adapt to various living situations when their needs for exercise, mental stimulation, and companionship are met.
Ideal Home Setup
- Space: Can adapt to apartments with sufficient exercise but do best with yards
- Secure Fencing: Important for safety and peace of mind
- Indoor Access: Should live indoors as part of the family
- Comfortable Resting: Orthopedic beds to support joints
Family Compatibility
- Children: Good with children they're raised with; supervision with young children
- Other Pets: May be selective with other dogs; careful introduction needed
- Seniors: May be suitable for active seniors who can provide proper exercise
- First-time Owners: Better for experienced dog owners due to strength and energy
Important Considerations
Pit Bulls are strong, energetic dogs that require proper containment and supervision. Be aware of breed-specific legislation in your area, as some locations have restrictions or bans on Pit Bull-type dogs. Their people-oriented nature means they thrive on companionship and do best in homes where someone is present much of the time. Their strength requires owners who can physically manage them. Potential owners should be prepared for potential discrimination and the responsibility of being breed ambassadors. Proper socialization and training are essential for well-adjusted behavior. Pit Bulls are sensitive to their owner's emotions and do best in stable, predictable environments with consistent routines.
Best Living Situation
The ideal home for a Pit Bull is with an individual or family who:
- Has experience with strong, energetic breeds
- Can provide daily vigorous exercise and mental stimulation
- Values a loyal, affectionate companion
- Can provide proper training and socialization
- Is prepared to be a responsible breed ambassador
Cost & Availability
Pit Bulls are widely available but come with specific considerations regarding cost and ownership responsibilities.
Initial Costs
| Expense | Cost Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Purchase Price | $500 - $3,000+ | From reputable breeders; show quality at higher end |
| Adoption Fee | $50 - $300 | From shelters or breed-specific rescues |
| Initial Supplies | $300 - $700 | Crate, bed, bowls, collar, leash, grooming tools |
| Initial Vet Care | $300 - $600 | Exams, vaccinations, spay/neuter, microchip |
| Training Classes | $150 - $400 | Puppy kindergarten and basic obedience |
Annual Costs
- Food: $400 - $800 for high-quality dog food
- Veterinary Care: $500 - $1,200+ for routine care and potential health issues
- Grooming: $100 - $300 for supplies or professional grooming
- Preventive Medications: $200 - $500 for flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
- Training/Activities: $200 - $500 for ongoing classes or activities
- Miscellaneous: $200 - $500 for toys, treats, replacements
- Insurance/Liability: $300 - $800 for insurance and potential additional fees
Availability
- Breeders: Reputable breeders available but research essential
- Rescues: Very available through shelters and breed-specific rescues
- Popularity: Consistently among most common breeds in shelters
- Geographic Variation: Available throughout the country
- Considerations: Check local breed-specific legislation before acquiring
Similar Breeds
If you're interested in the American Pit Bull Terrier but want to explore similar breeds, consider these alternatives:
American Staffordshire Terrier
Similar appearance and heritage but generally stockier build. AKC recognized with slightly different breed standard. Similar temperament with emphasis on stability.
Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Smaller English cousin with similar appearance and temperament. Generally more compact with different proportions. Known for being particularly good with children.
American Bulldog
Larger working breed with similar muscular build but different heritage. Generally less terrier-like in temperament with different exercise needs.
Boxer
Similar energy level and family orientation but different appearance and heritage. Generally more playful with different exercise needs and health considerations.
Frequently Asked Questions
No, Pit Bulls are not naturally aggressive toward people. In fact, they were historically bred to be exceptionally human-friendly because handlers needed to be able to separate fighting dogs without being bitten. The American Temperament Test Society consistently gives Pit Bulls passing rates around 86%, which is comparable to or better than many popular breeds like Golden Retrievers and Beagles. However, they may exhibit dog selectivity or same-sex aggression as they mature, which is why proper socialization and training are crucial. Individual temperament varies based on genetics, breeding, socialization, and training.
Pit Bulls became controversial due to their historical association with dogfighting and their adoption by people seeking "tough" dogs for questionable purposes. Media sensationalism has disproportionately focused on Pit Bull attacks, creating a perception problem. Additionally, irresponsible breeding practices by some breeders have produced dogs with unstable temperaments. The controversy is complex and involves factors including media bias, irresponsible ownership, breed-specific legislation debates, and the challenge of accurately identifying dog breeds. Responsible owners focus on proper training, socialization, and being breed ambassadors to counter negative stereotypes.
Properly bred and socialized Pit Bulls are typically excellent with children and were historically known as "nanny dogs" for their gentle and protective nature with family children. However, their high energy level and strength mean supervision is always recommended with young children. They should be taught to interact gently, and children should be taught to respect the dog's space. As with any dog, never leave young children unsupervised with any dog regardless of breed. Pit Bulls' patience and affection toward their family members, including children, are among their most celebrated traits when properly raised and socialized.
No, this is a complete myth. Pit Bulls do not have any special anatomical mechanism that allows them to "lock" their jaws. All dog jaws have the same basic structure. Pit Bulls do have strong jaw muscles developed through their historical use, but there is no locking mechanism. The myth likely originated from their determination and tenacity when they do bite, which is a behavioral trait, not a physical one. Scientific studies have found no anatomical differences in Pit Bull jaw structure compared to other breeds. This persistent myth has been repeatedly debunked by veterinary professionals and researchers.
Breed-specific legislation (BSL) varies widely by location. Some cities, counties, states, or countries have restrictions or bans on Pit Bulls or "pit bull-type" dogs. These laws may include mandatory spay/neuter, special licensing, liability insurance requirements, muzzle requirements in public, or complete bans. It's essential to research the specific laws in your area before acquiring a Pit Bull. Additionally, some rental properties and homeowners insurance companies have breed restrictions. The trend in recent years has been moving away from BSL toward breed-neutral dangerous dog laws, but many locations still have restrictions in place.
Pit Bulls are overrepresented in shelters for several reasons: their popularity means more are bred, irresponsible breeding practices lead to overpopulation, they're frequently acquired by unprepared owners who underestimate their exercise and training needs, breed-specific legislation forces some owners to surrender them, and they often face longer shelter stays due to adoption prejudices. Additionally, their powerful appearance attracts some owners for the wrong reasons, leading to abandonment when the reality of responsible ownership sets in. This overpopulation crisis is why many animal welfare organizations emphasize the importance of adoption, spay/neuter programs, and responsible breeding practices.
Yes, well-trained Pit Bulls can excel as service dogs, therapy dogs, and emotional support animals. Their intelligence, trainability, and people-oriented nature make them well-suited for these roles. However, they may face public prejudice and access challenges due to breed stereotypes. Pit Bulls have successfully served as psychiatric service dogs, mobility assistance dogs, medical alert dogs, and therapy animals in various settings. As with any service or therapy dog, individual temperament, thorough training, and proper socialization are essential. Some organizations specifically train Pit Bulls for these roles to help combat negative stereotypes about the breed.
Pit Bulls can be challenging for first-time dog owners due to their strength, energy level, potential dog selectivity, and the responsibility of managing breed stereotypes. However, a dedicated first-time owner who commits to proper training, socialization, exercise, and responsible ownership could potentially succeed. First-time owners should seriously consider if they can provide the necessary physical management, training commitment, and breed advocacy required. Many experts recommend starting with a less challenging breed, but exceptions exist for particularly committed individuals. If a first-time owner chooses a Pit Bull, professional training classes and mentorship from experienced owners are highly recommended.
Bottom Line: Is a Pit Bull Right for You?
The American Pit Bull Terrier is a loyal, intelligent, and energetic breed that forms deep bonds with their families. Their affectionate nature and zest for life make them wonderful companions for the right owners. However, they're not the right choice for everyone. Their strength, energy level, potential dog selectivity, and the responsibility of managing breed stereotypes require committed, experienced owners. They thrive in active homes where they receive plenty of exercise, training, and mental stimulation. If you're prepared for the challenges of owning a powerful, energetic dog and can provide the necessary training, socialization, and breed advocacy, a Pit Bull might be your perfect companion. This misunderstood breed rewards dedicated owners with unwavering loyalty, enthusiastic affection, and a joyful spirit that has endeared them to knowledgeable dog lovers for generations.
References and Further Readings
1- American Pit Bull Terrier Breed Standard | United Kennel Club
2- American Pit Bull Terrier Dog Breed Information | Hill's Pet
3- Creating the Right Diet: What's the Best Food for Pitbulls? | The Honest Kitchen
4- American Pitbull Terrier Feeding Guide | Prodog Raw
5- American Staffordshire Terrier Dog Breed Information | Purina
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