Hersh Garhwal 
Otitis Externa | A Complete Guide to Ear Infections in Dogs
Otitis Externa: Complete Guide to Ear Infections in Dogs
Last Updated:
Is your dog constantly shaking its head, scratching its ears, or showing signs of ear discomfort? Otitis externa, or inflammation of the external ear canal, is one of the most common health problems in dogs, affecting up to 20% of the canine population.
In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore everything you need to know about ear infections in dogs—from understanding the anatomy of the canine ear and identifying symptoms to implementing effective treatment strategies and prevention methods.
Keep reading to discover how to recognize different types of ear infections and when to seek veterinary care for your canine companion.
What Is Otitis Externa?
Otitis externa refers to inflammation of the external ear canal, which extends from the eardrum to the outside of the ear. It's one of the most common reasons dogs visit veterinarians and can range from mild, acute infections to chronic, severe conditions that significantly impact a dog's quality of life.
Did You Know?
The canine ear canal is much longer and more vertical than the human ear canal, forming an L-shape that traps moisture and debris. This unique anatomy makes dogs more prone to ear infections than humans. Additionally, certain breeds with floppy ears or excessive hair in their ear canals have an even higher risk of developing otitis externa.
Key characteristics of otitis externa include:
- Common Condition: Affects approximately 20% of dogs at some point in their lives
- Recurrence Risk: Chronic or recurrent in about 50% of cases without proper management
- Multiple Causes: Often secondary to underlying conditions like allergies
- Progressive Nature: Can lead to permanent changes in the ear canal if left untreated
- Painful Condition: Causes significant discomfort and can affect behavior
The Otitis Cycle
Understanding the progression of otitis externa helps explain why it can become chronic:
- Initial Inflammation: Triggered by primary causes like allergies or parasites
- Environmental Changes: Inflammation alters the ear canal environment
- Secondary Infections: Bacteria and yeast multiply in the altered environment
- Chronic Changes: Ongoing inflammation leads to tissue thickening and canal narrowing
- Self-Perpetuation: The altered anatomy makes future infections more likely
Breaking this cycle requires addressing both the immediate infection and any underlying predisposing factors. The earlier treatment begins, the better the prognosis for complete resolution.
Canine Ear Anatomy
Understanding the structure of the canine ear helps explain why dogs are prone to infections and how different parts of the ear are affected by otitis externa.
Function: Collects sound waves and directs them into the ear canal
Infection Relevance: Can develop dermatitis, hematomas, or become thickened with chronic disease
Function: First part of the external ear canal
Infection Relevance: Often accumulates debris and is easily visualized during examination
Function: Connects vertical canal to eardrum
Infection Relevance: Difficult to clean without proper equipment; debris accumulation common
Anatomical Risk Factors
Certain breed characteristics significantly increase the risk of otitis externa. Dogs with pendulous (floppy) ears like Cocker Spaniels and Basset Hounds have reduced air circulation in their ear canals. Breeds with hairy ear canals such as Poodles and Schnauzers can accumulate debris more easily. Dogs with stenotic (narrow) ear canals like Shar-Peis have limited natural cleaning ability. Understanding your dog's anatomical predispositions can help you implement appropriate preventive measures.
Ear Canal Environment
The healthy ear canal maintains a delicate balance:
- pH Level: Slightly acidic environment inhibits microbial growth
- Cerumen Production: Ear wax protects and cleans the canal
- Epithelial Migration: Skin cells naturally move outward, carrying debris
- Normal Flora: Beneficial bacteria and yeast help prevent pathogen overgrowth
When this balance is disrupted by moisture, allergies, or other factors, the environment becomes favorable for pathogenic organisms to multiply, leading to infection and inflammation.
Symptoms and Types of Otitis Externa
Recognizing the signs of otitis externa early can prevent progression to more severe, chronic forms. Symptoms vary depending on the cause, duration, and severity of the infection.
Behavioral Symptoms
- Head shaking or head tilting
- Scratching or rubbing at ears
- Reluctance to have head touched
- Personality changes or irritability
- Decreased activity level
- Loss of balance or coordination
Physical Symptoms
- Redness or swelling of ear canal
- Discharge (yellow, brown, or black)
- Unpleasant odor from ears
- Crusting or scabbing on pinna
- Hair loss around ears
- Holding one ear lower than the other
Advanced Symptoms
- Visible pain when opening mouth
- Hearing loss
- Facial nerve paralysis
- Horner's syndrome (eye changes)
- Head tremors
- Circling or falling to one side
Symptom Progression Indicates Severity
The progression of symptoms often indicates the severity and potential complications of otitis externa. Mild cases typically show only head shaking and scratching. Moderate cases develop visible redness, swelling, and discharge. Severe cases may involve pain, behavioral changes, and neurological signs that suggest middle or inner ear involvement (otitis media or interna). Any neurological symptoms warrant immediate veterinary attention as they may indicate a ruptured eardrum or spread of infection to deeper structures.
Types of Otitis Externa
| Type | Characteristics | Common Causes | Typical Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acute Otitis | Sudden onset, painful, often with significant discharge | Foreign bodies, water exposure, allergic flare-ups | Days to weeks |
| Chronic Otitis | Persistent or recurrent, thickened ear canals, resistant to treatment | Underlying allergies, endocrine disease, anatomical issues | Months to years |
| Unilateral Otitis | Affects only one ear | Foreign bodies, polyps, tumors, trauma | Varies |
| Bilateral Otitis | Affects both ears | Allergies, systemic disease, parasitic infections | Varies |
The pattern of symptoms (unilateral vs. bilateral, acute vs. chronic) provides important diagnostic clues. Always document when symptoms started, which ear is affected, and any potential triggers to share with your veterinarian.
Causes and Risk Factors for Otitis Externa
Otitis externa rarely occurs without an underlying cause. Understanding these triggers is essential for effective treatment and prevention of recurrence.
Primary Causes of Otitis Externa
Allergic Causes:
- Atopic dermatitis (environmental allergies) - most common primary cause
- Food allergies
- Contact allergies (to ear medications, cleaners, or other products)
Parasitic Causes:
- Ear mites (Otodectes cynotis) - especially common in cats and young dogs
- Demodex mites
- Sarcoptes mites
- Ticks
Foreign Bodies:
- Grass awns (foxtails)
- Plant material
- Sand or dirt
- Insect parts
Other Primary Causes:
- Endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism, Cushing's disease)
- Autoimmune diseases (pemphigus, lupus)
- Keratinization disorders (seborrhea)
- Viral infections (distemper)
- Polyps or tumors
- Trauma (from cleaning, scratching, or fighting)
Causes by Category and Impact
Definition: Directly initiate inflammation in a normal ear
- Allergies (most common)
- Parasites (ear mites)
- Foreign bodies
- Endocrine disorders
- Autoimmune diseases
Management: Must identify and address to resolve otitis
Definition: Make ears more vulnerable but don't cause otitis alone
- Anatomy (floppy ears, hairy canals)
- Excessive moisture (swimming)
- Obstructive ear disease
- Treatment effects (overtreatment)
Management: Can often be modified to reduce risk
Definition: Consequences of inflammation that prevent resolution
- Bacterial infection
- Yeast overgrowth
- Pathological changes (canal thickening)
- Otitis media (middle ear infection)
Management: Must be controlled for treatment success
The Multifactorial Nature of Otitis
Most cases of otitis externa involve multiple factors working together. A typical scenario might begin with a dog that has allergic skin disease (primary cause), floppy ears (predisposing cause), and develops a bacterial infection after swimming (perpetuating cause). Successful long-term management requires identifying and addressing all contributing factors. This is why simply treating the infection with antibiotics often leads to recurrence—the underlying triggers remain unaddressed.
High-Risk Breeds and Situations
- Breeds with Pendulous Ears: Cocker Spaniels, Basset Hounds, Beagles, Springer Spaniels
- Breeds with Hairy Ear Canals: Poodles, Schnauzers, Terriers
- Breeds with Stenotic Ear Canals: Shar-Peis, Bulldogs
- High-Risk Activities: Swimming, hunting in fields, living in humid environments
- Underlying Health Conditions: Allergies, endocrine disorders, immune compromise
While any dog can develop otitis externa, understanding breed predispositions and risk factors helps with early detection and prevention. Regular ear examinations are particularly important for high-risk dogs.
Diagnosis of Otitis Externa
Accurate diagnosis of otitis externa requires a systematic veterinary approach to identify both the infection and its underlying causes. Since treatment varies significantly based on the specific pathogens and contributing factors, proper diagnostic testing is essential.
Diagnostic Methods
| Diagnostic Method | Procedure | Purpose and Value |
|---|---|---|
| Physical Examination | Visual inspection of pinna and ear canal; palpation of ear canal | Assesses redness, swelling, discharge, pain, and overall condition |
| Otoscopic Examination | Visualization of ear canal and tympanic membrane with otoscope | Identifies foreign bodies, masses, eardrum integrity, and canal changes |
| Ear Cytology | Microscopic examination of ear discharge | Identifies bacteria, yeast, inflammatory cells; guides medication choice |
| Culture and Sensitivity | Laboratory culture of ear discharge with antibiotic sensitivity testing | Identifies specific bacteria and most effective antibiotics for resistant infections |
| Skin Testing | Allergy testing, skin scrapings, or biopsies | Identifies underlying allergic, parasitic, or autoimmune causes |
| Blood Tests | Complete blood count, biochemistry, thyroid, or adrenal testing | Detects systemic diseases that may contribute to otitis |
| Imaging Studies | X-rays, CT, or MRI of skull and bullae | Evaluates middle ear involvement, bony changes, or tumors |
Diagnosing otitis externa typically follows a systematic approach:
- History Taking: Detailed information about onset, duration, previous treatments, response to therapy, diet, environment, and other health issues
- Visual Assessment: Examination of both ears and comparison for symmetry, assessment of surrounding skin
- Otoscopic Examination: Essential for evaluating the ear canal and tympanic membrane; may require sedation if painful
- Cytology: The cornerstone of diagnosis - determines which organisms are present and in what quantities
- Additional Testing: Based on findings from initial evaluation; may include cultures, blood work, or allergy testing
- Therapeutic Trial: Sometimes diagnosis is confirmed by response to specific therapies
The diagnostic process may reveal multiple issues requiring simultaneous treatment. For example, a dog might have ear mites (primary cause) leading to bacterial infection (perpetuating cause) in ears with excessive hair (predisposing cause). Comprehensive diagnosis addresses all components for successful management.
When to Seek Veterinary Care
Consult your veterinarian if your dog shows:
- Any signs of ear pain or discomfort
- Head shaking or scratching that persists more than 24 hours
- Visible redness, swelling, or discharge from the ears
- Foul odor coming from the ears
- Behavioral changes like irritability or depression
- Head tilting, loss of balance, or circling
- No improvement after 2-3 days of appropriate home care
- Recurrent ear issues despite previous treatment
Diagnostic Approach Recommendations
The most effective diagnostic approach begins with a thorough history and physical examination of both ears. Otoscopic examination should be performed whenever possible to evaluate the ear canal and tympanic membrane. Ear cytology is essential in every case of otitis externa to identify the types and numbers of microorganisms present. Culture and sensitivity testing should be reserved for chronic, recurrent, or severe infections that haven't responded to previous treatments. For dogs with recurrent otitis, investigation for underlying causes like allergies or endocrine disease is crucial for long-term management. Never use ear medications without proper diagnosis, as some treatments can worsen certain conditions or cause ototoxicity if the eardrum is damaged.
Treatment Options for Otitis Externa
Successful treatment of otitis externa requires a comprehensive approach that addresses the infection, reduces inflammation, manages pain, and identifies underlying causes to prevent recurrence.
⚠️ Important Treatment Principle
Never use human ear medications or treatments in your dog's ears without veterinary guidance. Many human products contain ingredients that can be ototoxic (damaging to hearing) if the eardrum is perforated. Additionally, the pH and anatomy of canine ears differ significantly from human ears, requiring specifically formulated medications. Always follow your veterinarian's treatment plan precisely and complete the full course of prescribed medications, even if symptoms improve earlier.
Comprehensive Otitis Treatments
Treatment Protocols by Cause
| Underlying Cause | Primary Treatment | Duration | Expected Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterial Infection | Topical antibiotics based on culture/sensitivity; ear cleaning; sometimes oral antibiotics | 1-3 weeks typically | Good with appropriate antibiotic selection |
| Yeast Infection | Topical antifungals; ear cleaning; sometimes oral antifungals; address underlying causes | 2-4 weeks typically | Excellent with comprehensive treatment |
| Ear Mites | Topical antiparasitics; treat all pets in household; thorough environmental cleaning | 3-4 weeks typically | Excellent with complete treatment protocol |
| Allergic Otitis | Identify and manage allergies; topical anti-inflammatories; regular ear cleaning | Ongoing management | Variable; requires lifelong management |
| Foreign Body | Removal under sedation/anes-thesia; topical medications to address secondary infection | 1-2 weeks after removal | Excellent with complete removal |
Treatment Considerations
Varies by underlying cause:
Condition Dependent
Simple infections may resolve quickly with appropriate treatment. Chronic cases with anatomical changes or resistant infections require prolonged, multifaceted therapy. Success depends on accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment selection, and owner compliance.
Recovery Outlook
Generally Good with Proper Treatment
Most Cases Improve
Most dogs show significant improvement within 3-7 days of appropriate treatment. Complete resolution may take several weeks. Chronic cases may require ongoing maintenance therapy. Early intervention leads to better outcomes.
Surgical Options for Chronic Cases
For dogs with severe, recurrent otitis that doesn't respond to medical management, surgical options may be considered:
- Lateral Ear Resection: Removes the vertical ear canal to improve ventilation and drainage
- Vertical Canal Ablation: Removes the vertical canal while preserving the horizontal canal
- Total Ear Canal Ablation (TECA): Complete removal of the ear canal, usually with bulla osteotomy
- Laser Surgery: Used to remove polyps, tumors, or excess tissue in the ear canal
- Stenting: Placement of tubes to maintain patency in stenotic ear canals
Surgery is typically reserved for end-stage otitis with irreversible pathological changes to the ear canals. While these procedures can significantly improve quality of life, they carry risks including facial nerve damage and permanent hearing loss in some cases.
Prevention Strategies
Preventing otitis externa is far easier and less expensive than treating established infections. A proactive approach is essential, especially for dogs with risk factors for recurrent ear problems.
Effective Prevention Methods
| Prevention Method | Implementation | Effectiveness |
|---|---|---|
| Regular Ear Cleaning | Weekly cleaning with veterinarian-recommended products; more frequently for high-risk dogs | Highly effective for preventing cerumen buildup and early infection detection |
| Proper Drying | Thorough drying after swimming or bathing; use of drying agents if prone to moisture-associated otitis | Essential for dogs with moisture-related ear issues |
| Underlying Condition Management | Consistent management of allergies, endocrine disorders, or other primary causes | Critical for preventing recurrence in dogs with predisposing conditions |
| Routine Grooming | Regular plucking of hair from ear canals in prone breeds; professional grooming as needed | Reduces debris accumulation in hairy-eared breeds |
Additional Prevention Tips
Proper Cleaning Technique
Use a veterinarian-recommended ear cleaner. Fill the ear canal, massage the base of the ear for 20-30 seconds, then allow your dog to shake its head. Use cotton balls or gauze to wipe away loosened debris from the outer ear. Never use cotton swabs deep in the ear canal as this can push debris further in or damage the eardrum.
Environmental Management
Reduce exposure to known allergens if your dog has allergic skin disease. Use dust-free bedding and consider air purifiers. For dogs with grass allergies, wipe paws and underside after being outside. Avoid known triggers that have previously caused ear inflammation in your dog.
Nutritional Support
Feed a high-quality diet appropriate for your dog's life stage and health status. For dogs with food allergies, strict adherence to an appropriate elimination diet is essential. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements may help reduce inflammation in dogs with allergic skin disease.
Regular Monitoring
Perform weekly ear inspections as part of your grooming routine. Look for redness, discharge, or swelling. Note any odor. Be alert to behavioral changes like increased head shaking or ear scratching. Early detection allows for prompt intervention before infections become severe.
Special Considerations for High-Risk Dogs
Dogs with a history of recurrent otitis or those with breed predispositions need extra preventive measures. For these dogs, consider more frequent veterinary ear assessments (every 6-12 months), prophylactic ear cleaning 2-3 times weekly, and maintenance topical therapies during high-risk seasons. Swimming should be limited or protective measures (ear drying solutions, custom-fitted ear covers) implemented for dogs with moisture-associated otitis. For breeds with excessive ear canal hair, regular plucking (either by a groomer or veterinarian) is essential. The most successful prevention approach is tailored to the individual dog's specific risk factors, underlying conditions, and previous infection patterns.
When to Seek Professional Help
Despite best prevention efforts, some dogs will still develop ear infections. Seek veterinary care if you notice:
- Any signs of pain or discomfort when touching ears
- Persistent head shaking or scratching
- Redness, swelling, or discharge that doesn't resolve with routine cleaning
- Foul odor from the ears
- Behavioral changes associated with ear discomfort
- Recurrence of infections despite preventive measures
With diligent prevention practices and early intervention when problems arise, most dogs with otitis externa can achieve good long-term control and maintain comfortable, healthy ears.
Frequently Asked Questions
The frequency of ear cleaning depends on your dog's individual needs:
- Normal Dogs: Most dogs with no history of ear problems need cleaning only when visibly dirty, typically every 2-4 weeks
- Dogs with Allergies: Weekly cleaning is often recommended during allergy season
- Swimming Dogs: Clean and dry ears after every swimming session
- Dogs with Chronic Otitis: May need cleaning 2-3 times weekly as part of maintenance therapy
- Breeds with Floppy Ears: Typically benefit from weekly cleaning
- Signs You're Cleaning Too Often: Redness, irritation, or increased sensitivity after cleaning
The best approach is to ask your veterinarian for a recommendation tailored to your dog's specific needs. Over-cleaning can cause irritation, while under-cleaning can allow debris accumulation. Always use a veterinarian-recommended ear cleaner and proper technique.
Hydrogen peroxide and vinegar are generally not recommended for routine ear cleaning in dogs:
- Hydrogen Peroxide: Can be irritating to the sensitive skin of the ear canal, may cause inflammation, and can damage healthy tissue. The effervescence may also push debris deeper into the ear canal.
- Vinegar Solutions: While diluted vinegar solutions (1 part vinegar to 2-3 parts water) are sometimes used for dogs with specific types of infections, they can sting inflamed ears and are not appropriate for all situations.
- Better Alternatives: Commercial ear cleaners specifically formulated for dogs are safer and more effective. These are pH-balanced for canine ears and often contain drying agents, cerumenolytics (wax-dissolving ingredients), and antimicrobial components.
- Exceptions: In some specific cases, your veterinarian might recommend a diluted vinegar solution for dogs with recurrent yeast infections, but this should only be done under veterinary guidance.
When in doubt, use a veterinarian-recommended commercial ear cleaner rather than home remedies. The small cost savings of homemade solutions aren't worth the risk of causing discomfort or worsening an existing problem.
Recurrent ear infections typically indicate an unresolved underlying issue:
- Unaddressed Allergies: Environmental or food allergies are the most common cause of recurrent otitis
- Anatomical Factors: Breed characteristics like narrow ear canals or excessive hair can predispose to recurrence
- Incomplete Treatment: Stopping medication too soon can allow residual infection to flare up
- Resistant Infections: Bacteria that aren't susceptible to commonly used antibiotics
- Middle Ear Involvement: Infection that has spread to the middle ear can be difficult to eradicate
- Underlying Medical Conditions: Endocrine diseases like hypothyroidism can contribute to recurrent infections
- Biofilm Formation: Bacteria can form protective biofilms that make them resistant to treatment
If your dog experiences recurrent ear infections, your veterinarian should perform a thorough workup to identify underlying causes. This typically includes ear cytology, culture and sensitivity testing, and may involve allergy testing, endocrine evaluation, or dietary trials. Simply treating each infection as it occurs without addressing the root cause will lead to a frustrating cycle of recurrence.
Yes, certain breeds are significantly more prone to developing otitis externa due to their anatomy and other genetic factors:
- Breeds with Pendulous Ears: Cocker Spaniels, Basset Hounds, Beagles, Springer Spaniels - reduced air circulation
- Breeds with Hairy Ear Canals: Poodles, Schnauzers, many Terrier breeds - hair traps debris and moisture
- Breeds with Stenotic Ear Canals: Shar-Peis, Bulldogs - narrow canals impede natural cleaning
- Breeds with Excessive Cerumen Production: German Shepherds, Labradors - excess wax creates favorable environment for microbes
- Breeds Prone to Allergies: Golden Retrievers, Boxers, Dalmatians, West Highland White Terriers - allergies are a common trigger
- Water-Loving Breeds: Labrador Retrievers, Portuguese Water Dogs, Spaniels - frequent moisture exposure
While any dog can develop an ear infection, these breeds require extra vigilance with ear care. If you have one of these breeds, establish a regular ear care routine including weekly inspections, appropriate cleaning frequency, and prompt veterinary attention at the first sign of problems. Understanding your dog's breed predispositions can help you implement effective preventive measures.
Ear infections can potentially cause hearing loss through several mechanisms:
- Conductive Hearing Loss: Most common type with otitis externa - caused by obstruction of the ear canal with debris, swelling, or masses that prevent sound from reaching the eardrum
- Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Can occur if infection spreads to the middle or inner ear (otitis media or interna) or if ototoxic medications are used when the eardrum is perforated
- Temporary vs. Permanent: Hearing loss due to obstruction or inflammation is often temporary and resolves with treatment. Damage to the inner ear structures or auditory nerve may be permanent
- Signs of Hearing Loss: Failure to respond to sounds, difficulty waking your dog, increased startle response when touched unexpectedly, excessive barking
Preventing Hearing Damage:
- Seek prompt treatment for ear infections
- Never use potentially ototoxic medications without veterinary confirmation that the eardrum is intact
- Follow your veterinarian's treatment recommendations completely
- Address underlying causes to prevent chronic, recurrent infections
Most hearing loss associated with otitis externa is temporary and resolves with appropriate treatment. However, chronic severe infections or improper treatment can lead to permanent damage. If you suspect your dog is experiencing hearing loss, consult your veterinarian for evaluation.
Yeast and bacterial ear infections have different characteristics, though they can occur simultaneously:
- Yeast Infections (Malassezia):
- Discharge: Typically brown, waxy, with a distinctive sweet or musty odor
- Appearance: Often accompanied by redness and inflammation
- Itching: Usually causes intense itching
- Common Triggers: Often associated with allergies, moisture, or underlying health issues
- Cytology: Budding yeast organisms visible on microscope examination
- Bacterial Infections:
- Discharge: Can be yellow, green, or bloody; often purulent with a foul odor
- Appearance: May include ulcers, crusts, or significant swelling
- Pain: Often more painful than yeast infections
- Common Organisms: Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus
- Cytology: Bacteria and inflammatory cells visible on microscope examination
- Mixed Infections: Many dogs have both yeast and bacteria present simultaneously
- Treatment Differences: Yeast infections require antifungal medications, while bacterial infections require antibiotics. Some medications contain both.
It's impossible to reliably distinguish between yeast and bacterial infections based on appearance alone. Ear cytology (microscopic examination of ear discharge) is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment selection. Using the wrong medication can worsen the infection or delay resolution.
Bottom Line: Understanding and Managing Canine Otitis Externa
Otitis externa is a common, often frustrating condition that affects many dogs, but with proper understanding and management, most cases can be successfully controlled. Key to effective management is recognizing that ear infections are typically symptoms of underlying problems rather than isolated diseases. Allergies are the most common primary cause, while anatomical factors, moisture, and excessive ear canal hair act as predisposing factors. Diagnosis requires veterinary examination including otoscopy and cytology to identify the specific microorganisms involved and guide appropriate treatment. Treatment must be comprehensive, addressing both the infection with appropriate medications and any underlying causes to prevent recurrence. Prevention focuses on regular ear care tailored to the individual dog's needs, management of underlying conditions, and early intervention when problems arise. While some breeds are genetically predisposed to ear issues, any dog can develop otitis externa given the right combination of factors. With a proactive approach including regular monitoring, appropriate cleaning, and prompt veterinary care when needed, most dogs with otitis externa can achieve good long-term control and maintain comfortable, healthy ears.
References and Further Readings
1- Ear Infections in Dogs - VCA Animal Hospitals
2- Otitis Externa in Dogs - Merck Veterinary Manual
3- Otitis Externa in Dogs - American College of Veterinary Dermatology
4- Canine otitis externa: Diagnosis and medical management - PubMed
5- Management of Chronic Otitis Externa in Dogs - Today's Veterinary Practice
Explore More Stories
About the Author
