Sandra Carson 
Seven Common Dog Illnesses and Treatment
As dog owners, recognizing the signs of common illnesses is crucial for our pets' wellbeing. Early detection and proper treatment can significantly improve outcomes and prevent minor issues from becoming serious health problems.
This comprehensive guide covers seven of the most common canine health issues, their symptoms, treatment options, and prevention strategies to help you keep your furry friend healthy and happy.
Common Dog Illnesses Overview
Understanding the most prevalent health issues in dogs helps owners recognize early warning signs and seek timely veterinary care.
| Illness | Prevalence | Common Symptoms | Severity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ear Infections | 20% of dogs | Head shaking, ear odor, redness | Medium |
| Skin Allergies | 10-15% of dogs | Itching, redness, hair loss | Medium |
| Dental Disease | 80% of dogs by age 3 | Bad breath, difficulty eating | Medium |
| Arthritis | 20% of adult dogs | Limping, stiffness, reluctance to move | Medium |
| Gastrointestinal Issues | Frequent in all ages | Vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite | Low to High |
| Kennel Cough | Common in social dogs | Harsh, dry cough, gagging | Low |
| Parasites | Varies by region | Visible parasites, scratching, anemia | Medium |
Important Note
This guide provides general information about common dog illnesses but is not a substitute for professional veterinary care. Always consult with your veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment recommendations for your specific dog.
1. Ear Infections
Ear infections are one of the most common reasons dogs visit the veterinarian, especially in breeds with floppy ears or those that swim frequently.
Symptoms
- Head shaking or tilting
- Scratching or rubbing ears
- Redness or swelling in ear canal
- Unpleasant odor from ears
- Discharge (yellow, brown, or bloody)
- Crusts or scabs in ears
- Hearing loss in severe cases
Causes
Moisture
Water trapped in ear canals creates ideal environment for bacteria and yeast growth.
Anatomy
Breeds with floppy ears or hairy ear canals are more prone to infections.
Allergies
Food or environmental allergies can cause inflammation that leads to infections.
Parasites
Ear mites can cause irritation and secondary infections.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the infection:
- Veterinary examination: Proper diagnosis to determine if infection is bacterial, yeast, or both
- Ear cleaning: Medicated cleansers to remove debris and discharge
- Topical medications: Antibiotic, antifungal, or steroid ear drops
- Oral medications: Antibiotics or antifungals for severe infections
- Pain management: Anti-inflammatory medications for comfort
When to See a Vet Immediately
If your dog shows signs of severe pain, head tilt, loss of balance, or hearing loss, seek immediate veterinary care as these may indicate a ruptured eardrum or deeper infection.
2. Skin Allergies
Skin allergies cause significant discomfort for dogs and can lead to secondary infections if not properly managed.
Symptoms
- Excessive scratching, licking, or chewing
- Red, inflamed skin
- Recurrent ear infections
- Hair loss or thinning coat
- Hot spots (moist, red, painful areas)
- Skin infections or odor
- Changes in skin pigmentation
Common Allergens
| Allergy Type | Common Triggers | Seasonality |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental | Pollen, mold, dust mites, grass | Often seasonal |
| Flea Allergy | Flea saliva | Year-round in warm climates |
| Food Allergy | Beef, dairy, chicken, wheat, soy | Year-round |
| Contact Allergy | Fabrics, cleaning products, plastics | Year-round |
Treatment
A multi-pronged approach is often needed:
- Identify and avoid triggers: Allergy testing and elimination diets
- Medications: Antihistamines, steroids, or newer targeted therapies
- Topical treatments: Medicated shampoos, sprays, and creams
- Supplemental support: Omega-3 fatty acids to support skin health
- Immunotherapy: Allergy shots or oral drops for long-term management
Prevention Tips
Regular flea prevention, high-quality diet with omega fatty acids, and regular bathing with appropriate shampoos can help prevent skin issues. For seasonal allergies, wiping your dog's paws and coat after outdoor exposure can reduce allergen contact.
3. Dental Disease
Dental problems are extremely common in dogs, with most showing signs of periodontal disease by age three.
Symptoms
- Bad breath (halitosis)
- Difficulty eating or dropping food
- Red, swollen, or bleeding gums
- Yellow or brown tartar buildup
- Loose or missing teeth
- Pawing at the mouth
- Swelling around the mouth or under eyes
Stages of Dental Disease
Treatment
Professional veterinary dental care is essential:
- Professional cleaning: Under anesthesia to remove tartar above and below gumline
- Dental X-rays: To assess tooth roots and jawbone health
- Tooth extractions: For severely diseased or broken teeth
- Antibiotics: For oral infections
- Pain management: During and after dental procedures
- Home care: Tooth brushing, dental chews, and water additives
The Importance of Anesthesia
Proper dental cleaning requires anesthesia to allow thorough examination, cleaning below the gumline, and dental X-rays. Anesthesia-free cleanings only address cosmetic issues and don't treat the actual disease occurring below the gumline.
4. Arthritis
Arthritis, or osteoarthritis, is a degenerative joint disease that affects many dogs, especially as they age.
Symptoms
- Stiffness, especially after rest
- Limping or favoring certain limbs
- Difficulty rising, jumping, or climbing stairs
- Decreased activity or interest in play
- Swollen joints that may be warm to touch
- Behavioral changes like irritability
- Muscle atrophy in affected limbs
Risk Factors
Size & Breed
Large and giant breeds are more prone to developmental joint issues.
Age
Risk increases with age as cartilage naturally wears down.
Weight
Overweight dogs experience more stress on joints.
Previous Injuries
Past fractures or ligament tears increase arthritis risk.
Treatment
Arthritis management typically involves multiple approaches:
- Weight management: Reducing stress on joints through proper diet
- Exercise modification: Low-impact activities like swimming
- Pain medication: NSAIDs and other pain relievers
- Joint supplements: Glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega-3s
- Physical therapy: Therapeutic exercises and hydrotherapy
- Environmental modifications: Ramps, orthopedic beds, non-slip surfaces
- Advanced treatments: Laser therapy, acupuncture, or surgery in severe cases
Quality of Life Improvement
With proper management, most arthritic dogs can maintain good quality of life. Simple changes like raised food bowls, non-slip flooring, and gentle daily exercise can make a significant difference in your dog's comfort and mobility.
5. Gastrointestinal Issues
Digestive problems range from mild, self-limiting issues to serious conditions requiring immediate veterinary care.
Common GI Problems
| Condition | Symptoms | Common Causes |
|---|---|---|
| Acute Gastroenteritis | Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain | Dietary indiscretion, infections |
| Pancreatitis | Severe vomiting, abdominal pain, fever | High-fat foods, certain medications |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Chronic vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss | Immune system dysfunction |
| Foreign Body Obstruction | Repeated vomiting, abdominal pain, lethargy | Ingestion of non-food items |
| Parasites | Diarrhea, weight loss, visible worms | Roundworms, hookworms, giardia |
Treatment Approaches
Treatment depends on the specific condition and severity:
- Dietary management: Bland diet, prescription gastrointestinal food
- Medications: Anti-nausea drugs, antacids, anti-diarrheals
- Fluid therapy: For dehydration from vomiting or diarrhea
- Parasite control: Deworming medications
- Probiotics: To restore healthy gut flora
- In severe cases: Hospitalization, surgery for obstructions
Emergency Signs
Seek immediate veterinary care if your dog shows: repeated vomiting, bloody diarrhea, abdominal swelling, severe lethargy, or signs of pain. These may indicate life-threatening conditions like obstruction or pancreatitis.
6. Kennel Cough
Kennel cough is a highly contagious respiratory infection common in dogs that spend time in group settings.
Symptoms
- Persistent, forceful cough (often sounds like honking)
- Gagging or retching after coughing
- Nasal discharge
- Lethargy
- Loss of appetite in some cases
- Fever in more severe infections
Causes and Transmission
Kennel cough is typically caused by a combination of infectious agents:
- Bordetella bronchiseptica: The most common bacterial cause
- Canine parainfluenza virus: A common viral component
- Other pathogens: Canine adenovirus, canine distemper, mycoplasma
Transmission occurs through airborne droplets when infected dogs cough, or through direct contact with contaminated surfaces.
Treatment
Most cases resolve on their own, but treatment can speed recovery and prevent complications:
- Cough suppressants: To provide comfort and reduce irritation
- Antibiotics: For bacterial infections or to prevent secondary infections
- Anti-inflammatories: To reduce airway inflammation
- Rest and isolation: To prevent spread to other dogs
- Humidifier: To soothe irritated airways
- Supportive care: Ensuring adequate hydration and nutrition
Prevention Through Vaccination
The Bordetella vaccine is recommended for dogs that frequent boarding facilities, dog parks, grooming salons, or training classes. While not 100% effective (as kennel cough can have multiple causes), it significantly reduces the risk and severity of infection.
7. Parasites
Both external and internal parasites can cause significant health issues for dogs if left untreated.
Common Parasites
| Parasite | Type | Symptoms | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fleas | External | Itching, hair loss, flea dirt | Topical/oral preventives, environmental control |
| Ticks | External | Visible ticks, skin irritation, disease transmission | Careful removal, preventives |
| Heartworms | Internal | Cough, fatigue, weight loss, heart failure | Prevention only; treatment is risky and expensive |
| Intestinal Worms | Internal | Diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, pot-bellied appearance | Deworming medications |
| Ear Mites | External | Head shaking, dark ear discharge, itching | Ear medications, whole-body parasite control |
| Mange Mites | External | Hair loss, severe itching, crusty skin | Medicated dips, oral medications |
Prevention and Treatment
Modern parasite control is safer and more effective than ever:
- Regular preventive medications: Monthly or quarterly treatments for fleas, ticks, and heartworms
- Year-round protection: Parasites can be active even in colder months
- Environmental management: Regular cleaning of bedding and living areas
- Regular screening: Annual heartworm testing and fecal exams
- Prompt treatment: Addressing infestations early prevents complications
Zoonotic Potential
Some dog parasites can be transmitted to humans, particularly children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Regular parasite prevention protects both your dog and your family.
Prevention Strategies
While not all illnesses can be prevented, these strategies can significantly reduce your dog's risk of common health problems.
Regular Vaccinations
Keep core vaccinations up to date and discuss lifestyle-based vaccines with your veterinarian.
Parasite Prevention
Use year-round preventives for fleas, ticks, and heartworms as recommended by your vet.
Proper Nutrition
Feed a balanced, high-quality diet appropriate for your dog's age, size, and health status.
Weight Management
Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on joints, heart, and other organs.
Dental Care
Regular brushing, dental chews, and professional cleanings as needed.
Appropriate Exercise
Regular activity tailored to your dog's age, breed, and physical condition.
Regular Check-ups
Annual or semi-annual veterinary exams for early detection of issues.
Mental Stimulation
Provide enrichment through training, puzzles, and appropriate toys.
The Value of Preventive Care
Investing in preventive care is more cost-effective than treating advanced diseases. Regular wellness visits allow your veterinarian to establish baseline health values for your dog and detect subtle changes that might indicate early-stage illness.
Frequently Asked Questions
Dogs often hide pain instinctively, but signs may include: decreased activity, reluctance to move, limping, changes in appetite, excessive panting, restlessness, aggression when touched in certain areas, and changes in posture. Subtle signs like decreased tail wagging, avoiding bright areas (with eye pain), or changes in sleep patterns can also indicate discomfort.
Seek veterinary care for: symptoms lasting more than 24 hours, severe symptoms (repeated vomiting, difficulty breathing), known toxin ingestion, trauma, obvious pain, or any sudden behavior changes. Mild cases of diarrhea in an otherwise healthy, acting-normal dog might be managed at home with a bland diet, but when in doubt, consult your veterinarian.
Many human medications are toxic to dogs. Never give your dog medication without explicit veterinary guidance. Common dangerous medications include: ibuprofen, acetaminophen, naproxen, and many cold medicines. Even medications that are sometimes prescribed for dogs (like certain antibiotics or pain relievers) must be given at the proper canine dosage.
Healthy adult dogs should have annual wellness exams. Senior dogs (typically 7+ years, or 5+ for giant breeds) benefit from semi-annual check-ups. Puppies require more frequent visits for vaccinations and developmental monitoring. Dogs with chronic conditions may need more frequent monitoring as directed by your veterinarian.
A basic canine first aid kit should include: gauze pads and rolls, adhesive tape, cotton balls, antiseptic wipes, hydrogen peroxide (for inducing vomiting only when directed by a vet), digital thermometer, tweezers, scissors, disposable gloves, muzzle (even friendly dogs may bite when in pain), emergency contact numbers (vet, poison control), and a blanket. Consider taking a pet first aid course for proper use of these supplies.
Look for: AAHA accreditation (American Animal Hospital Association), positive reviews from other pet owners, convenient hours and location, clear communication style, emergency services or referral relationships, and clean, well-organized facilities. Schedule a meet-and-greet appointment to evaluate if the practice is a good fit for you and your dog before an emergency arises.
Health Monitoring Checklist
Regularly monitor these aspects of your dog's health and report changes to your veterinarian:
- Appetite and water consumption changes
- Weight fluctuations
- Energy level and activity patterns
- Breathing rate and effort
- Coughing, sneezing, or nasal discharge
- Changes in urination or defecation habits
- Skin and coat condition
- Ear odor or discharge
- Dental health and breath odor
- Mobility and gait changes
- Behavioral changes
- Lumps, bumps, or skin changes
Being an observant owner is your dog's first line of defense against illness. You know your dog's normal behavior better than anyone, so trust your instincts when something seems wrong. Early detection and intervention greatly improve treatment outcomes for most canine health issues.
Establish a good relationship with a veterinarian you trust, maintain regular preventive care, and don't hesitate to seek professional advice when concerns arise. Your vigilance and care play a crucial role in your dog's health and longevity.
References and Further Readings
1- 7 Common Puppy Illnesses: Vet-Approved 2025 Protection Guide - Ask A Vet
2- Disease Risks for Dogs in Social Settings - American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
3- Prevalence of Common Conditions and Associated Mortalities - PMC (NIH)
4- 2025 Annual Pet Parasite Forecasts - Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC)
5- The Diseases Dogs and Humans Can Share with One Another - The Ohio State University
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