Dawn Lowery 
Brussels Griffon
Brussels Griffon: The Big Personality in a Small Package
Human-Like Expressions, Comically Self-Important Charm
The Brussels Griffon, tipping the scales at no more than 12 pounds, is a human-like toy dog of complex character with enough personality for ten ordinary dogs. With their distinctive grumpy look and almost human-like expressions, these quirky little pups win hearts wherever they go.
In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore everything you need to know about the Brussels Griffon—from their fascinating history as stable ratters to their modern role as affectionate companions and their specific care requirements.
Keep reading to discover if this sensitive and comically self-important breed is the right match for your lifestyle!
Basic Information
The Brussels Griffon is a small toy breed known for its almost human expression, intelligence, and devoted nature. Despite their small size, they possess enormous personality and comical self-importance.
| Other Names | Griffon Bruxellois, Belgian Griffon, Petit Brabançon |
|---|---|
| Breed Group | Toy (AKC) |
| Origin | Belgium |
| Height | 7-10 inches at the withers |
| Weight | 8-12 pounds (males slightly larger than females) |
| Lifespan | 12-15 years |
| Coat | Rough (wiry) or smooth (short) |
| Color | Red, belge, black, or black-and-tan |
| Temperament | Intelligent, sensitive, devoted, comically self-important |
| Energy Level | Medium - requires regular daily exercise |
| Good With | Adults and mature families; not ideal for young children |
Did You Know?
The Brussels Griffon's human-like facial features were the inspiration for the Ewoks in Star Wars. They also gained fame from the 1997 film "As Good As It Gets," where a Brussels Griffon named Verdell starred alongside Jack Nicholson and Helen Hunt.
History and Origin
The Brussels Griffon has a fascinating history that dates back to 19th century Belgium, where it was developed as a versatile working dog before transitioning to a companion animal.
Early Development
The breed originated in Brussels, Belgium, where coachmen kept small dogs in stables to control rat populations. These early dogs, known as "Griffons d'Ecurie" (wire-coated stable dogs), were similar to Affenpinschers and were valued for their vermin-hunting abilities.
The modern Brussels Griffon was developed through crosses with several breeds including the German Affenpinscher, Pug, and English Toy Spaniel. The Pug contributed the smooth coat variety and shorter muzzle, while the English Toy Spaniel brought the rich red coloring and appealing expression.
Royal Recognition
The breed's rise from stable dog to aristocratic companion occurred thanks to Queen Marie Henriette of Belgium, who became enamored with the breed in the late 19th century. Her patronage elevated the Brussels Griffon's status, making them fashionable among European nobility and securing their place as beloved companion dogs.
Modern Development
The Brussels Griffon's journey to international recognition involved several key developments:
- 1800s: Developed in Belgium as stable ratters
- Late 1800s: Gained popularity with Belgian aristocracy
- 1897: First breed club established in England
- 1910: Recognized by the American Kennel Club
- World Wars: Nearly disappeared in Europe but preserved through efforts in UK and US
- 1997: Gained widespread recognition after appearing in "As Good As It Gets"
Today, responsible breeders focus on preserving the Brussels Griffon's distinctive appearance and temperament while addressing health concerns common to brachycephalic breeds.
Appearance & Physical Traits
The Brussels Griffon presents a distinctive, almost human-like appearance with a sturdy frame that conveys self-importance and intelligence.
Physical Characteristics
- Body: Square proportion, compact and sturdy with good bone structure
- Head: Dome-shaped skull with short nose and pronounced stop
- Eyes: Large, black, wide-set with prominent eyelashes
- Ears: Small, high-set, may be cropped or natural
- Tail: Set high, docked by traditional breeders (where legal)
Coat and Colors
- Rough Coat: Wiry, dense texture with characteristic beard and moustache
- Smooth Coat: Straight, short, tight, and glossy (Petit Brabançon)
- Colors: Red, belge (mix of black and reddish-brown), black, or black-and-tan
- Expression: Almost human-like with alert, curious demeanor
Size and Proportion
Brussels Griffons are small but sturdy toy dogs:
- Height: 7-10 inches at the shoulder
- Weight: 8-12 pounds, with males typically larger than females
- Build: Square proportion, compact with good bone structure
- Overall Impression: Sturdy, well-balanced toy dog with importance
Temperament & Personality
The Brussels Griffon possesses a complex temperament that combines intelligence, sensitivity, and devotion with a comically self-important attitude.
Devoted & Affectionate
Brussels Griffons form extremely strong bonds with their owners and are known as "Velcro dogs" for their tendency to stick close. They thrive on human companionship and insist on being involved in family activities.
Intelligent & Alert
Highly intelligent with an alert, curious nature, Brussels Griffons are quick to notice changes in their environment. They are excellent watchdogs and will bark to alert their family to anything unusual.
Comically Self-Important
Despite their small size, Brussels Griffons carry themselves with an air of importance that can be both entertaining and challenging. They have a mischievous sense of humor and enjoy being the center of attention.
Sensitive & Emotional
Brussels Griffons are emotionally sensitive dogs that don't respond well to harsh treatment or loud environments. They form deep attachments and can suffer from separation anxiety if left alone too much.
Important Temperament Considerations
Brussels Griffons are not ideal for families with young children as they can be sensitive to rough handling and may snap if frightened or mishandled. They form extremely strong bonds with their owners and can develop separation anxiety if left alone for long periods. Their sensitivity means they require gentle training methods and do not respond well to harsh correction.
Temperament Traits
Exercise & Activity Needs
As a small but active breed, the Brussels Griffon requires regular daily exercise to stay physically and mentally healthy, though their needs are moderate compared to larger breeds.
Daily Walks
20-30 Minutes
One or two short walks daily to maintain physical health and provide mental stimulation through exploration. Brussels Griffons enjoy varied routes and environments.
Their short faces mean they should avoid exercise in extreme heat.
Play & Activity
15-20 Minutes
Indoor play sessions, games of fetch, or interactive toys to burn off energy. They enjoy training games that challenge their intelligent minds.
Excellent at canine sports like agility and obedience.
Mental Stimulation
Daily
Training sessions, puzzle toys, and learning new tricks to challenge their intelligent minds. A mentally understimulated Griffon may develop behavioral issues.
Their intelligence requires regular mental challenges.
Weekly Exercise Schedule
- Daily: 20-30 minutes of walking + 15-20 minutes of play
- 4-5 times per week: Interactive games or training sessions
- Weekly: Exposure to new environments for mental stimulation
- Ongoing: Access to puzzle toys and interactive games
Exercise Considerations
Brussels Griffons are brachycephalic (short-faced) and can have breathing difficulties, especially in hot or humid weather. Avoid vigorous exercise during warm periods and be alert for signs of overheating such as excessive panting or difficulty breathing. They are also sensitive to cold weather due to their small size and may need a sweater in winter months.
Diet & Food
Proper nutrition is essential for supporting the Brussels Griffon's health and preventing obesity, which can be a problem in small breeds.
Puppy Diet
0-12 Months
High-quality puppy food formulated for small or toy breeds, fed 3-4 times daily. Small-breed formulas with appropriate kibble size support their tiny jaws and digestive systems.
Puppies need frequent, small meals to maintain energy levels.
Adult Diet
1-7 Years
High-quality adult dog food with controlled calories, fed twice daily. Amount varies based on activity level but typically 1/2 to 3/4 cups daily for a 10-pound dog.
Adults need a balanced diet to maintain ideal weight.
Senior Diet
7+ Years
Senior formula with joint support, controlled calories, and adjusted nutrient levels. Monitor weight closely as metabolism slows with age.
Seniors may benefit from smaller, more frequent meals.
Nutritional Requirements
- Protein: Moderate to high from quality sources for muscle maintenance
- Fat: Controlled levels to prevent obesity while providing energy
- Joint Support: Glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health
- Dental Health: Kibble designed to reduce tartar buildup
- Portion Control: Critical to prevent weight gain in this small breed
Feeding Considerations
Brussels Griffons are prone to obesity, which can exacerbate breathing problems and joint issues. Measure food carefully and limit treats to no more than 10% of daily calories. Their brachycephalic anatomy may make eating difficult - consider using shallow, wide bowls. Some individuals may be picky eaters, so consistency in feeding routine is important.
Health & Care
Brussels Griffons are generally healthy with a lifespan of 12-15 years, but like all breeds, they can be prone to certain health conditions, particularly those associated with their brachycephalic features.
Common Health Concerns
| Health Condition | Description | Prevention/Management |
|---|---|---|
| Brachycephalic Syndrome | Respiratory issues due to short muzzle and narrowed airways | Weight management, avoid heat/humidity, surgery in severe cases |
| Patellar Luxation | Kneecap dislocation common in small breeds | Weight management, joint supplements, surgery if severe |
| Eye Problems | Corneal ulcers, cataracts, progressive retinal atrophy | Regular eye exams, prompt treatment of injuries |
| Hip Dysplasia | Developmental abnormality of the hip joint | Weight management, proper nutrition, screening |
| Dental Issues | Crowded teeth leading to periodontal disease | Daily brushing, dental chews, professional cleanings |
| Syringomyelia | Fluid-filled cavities in spinal cord near brain | MRI screening, medication for pain management |
Grooming Requirements
The Brussels Griffon's grooming needs vary significantly between the two coat types:
Smooth Coat Care
Weekly
Brush weekly with a soft bristle brush or grooming mitt to remove loose hair. Bathing every 4-6 weeks or as needed. Sheds moderately, especially during seasonal changes.
Lower maintenance than rough coat variety.
Rough Coat Care
Weekly/Professional
Brush weekly to prevent matting, professional grooming every 4-8 weeks. Hand-stripping 2-3 times yearly maintains coat texture, or clipping for easier maintenance.
Considered hypoallergenic as it sheds very little.
Preventive Care
- Regular Veterinary Visits: Annual check-ups, more frequently for seniors
- Dental Care: Daily brushing and professional cleanings
- Weight Management: Regular monitoring to prevent obesity
- Eye Care: Regular cleaning and monitoring for injuries
- Skin Fold Care: Weekly cleaning of facial folds if present
Training & Behavior
Training a Brussels Griffon requires patience, consistency, and an understanding of their intelligent but sometimes stubborn nature.
Training Approach
- Positive Reinforcement: Use reward-based training with treats, praise, and play
- Short Sessions: Keep training brief and engaging to maintain their attention
- Early Start: Begin training and socialization from puppyhood
- Consistency: Use the same commands and expectations consistently
- Make it Fun: Incorporate games and variety to keep them engaged
Socialization Needs
Early and ongoing socialization is crucial for Brussels Griffons:
- Puppy Classes: Enroll in puppy kindergarten for early socialization
- Various Environments: Expose to different people, places, and situations
- Other Animals: Carefully supervised introductions to other pets
- Positive Experiences: Ensure new experiences are positive and not overwhelming
Training Tips
Brussels Griffons are intelligent and can learn quickly, but they have an independent streak and may choose when to obey commands. Their sensitivity means they respond best to positive reinforcement and gentle guidance rather than harsh corrections. House training can be challenging with this breed, and crate training is often recommended. They excel at dog sports like agility and obedience when trained with patience and positive methods.
Common Behavioral Issues
- Separation Anxiety: May develop if left alone too much due to strong attachment
- Excessive Barking: Can be vocal, especially when bored or alerting
- Stubbornness: May ignore commands if they see no benefit
- Resource Guarding: Some individuals may guard food or toys
- Sensitivity: May become fearful or nervous without proper socialization
Living Environment
Brussels Griffons are adaptable dogs that thrive in various living situations when their companionship and exercise needs are met.
Ideal Home Setup
- Space: Excellent for apartment living due to small size
- Yard: Not necessary but appreciated for convenience
- Climate: Sensitive to temperature extremes due to brachycephalic features
- Indoor Access: Should live indoors as part of the family
Family Compatibility
- Children: Better with older, considerate children; not recommended for young children
- Other Pets: Generally good with other dogs and cats if properly introduced
- Seniors: Excellent companions for retirees and less active individuals
- First-time Owners: Can be challenging but manageable with research and commitment
Important Considerations
Brussels Griffons are companion dogs that require significant human interaction and do not do well when left alone for long periods. They are best suited for households where someone is home most of the day or can take the dog along. Their small size makes them vulnerable to injury from rough handling or accidental falls. Potential owners should be prepared for their grooming needs, particularly for the rough-coated variety.
Best Living Situation
The ideal home for a Brussels Griffon is with an individual or family who:
- Has time to devote to companionship and attention
- Prefers a indoor-oriented companion dog
- Values intelligence and personality in a small package
- Has patience for training and potential stubbornness
- Can provide consistent routine and gentle guidance
Role & Purpose
Throughout history, Brussels Griffons have transitioned from working dogs to beloved companions while maintaining their alert and spirited nature.
Historical Roles
- Vermin Hunter: Originally used to control rat populations in stables
- Coach Dog: Rode in carriages as companions and alert dogs
- Working Dog: Valued for their intelligence and vermin-control abilities
Modern Roles
- Companion Animal: Primary role as affectionate family member
- Therapy Dog: Their sensitivity makes them good therapy candidates
- Show Dog: Successful in conformation shows
- Performance Sports: Excel in agility, obedience, and other dog sports
- Watchdog: Excellent alert barkers despite small size
Historical Significance
The Brussels Griffon's transformation from stable hand to aristocratic companion is one of the most dramatic in dog breed history. Queen Marie Henriette of Belgium played a crucial role in this transformation through her breeding program and promotion of the breed. The breed nearly disappeared during both World Wars, particularly in Europe, and was preserved mainly through the efforts of dedicated breeders in England and the United States.
Breed Strengths
- Intelligence: Quick learners capable of complex tasks
- Loyalty: Deeply devoted to their families
- Adaptability: Thrive in various living situations
- Alertness: Excellent watchdogs despite small size
- Entertainment Value: Comical and entertaining personalities
Cost & Availability
Brussels Griffons are a relatively uncommon breed with specific considerations regarding cost and availability.
Initial Costs
| Expense | Cost Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Purchase Price | $1,500 - $4,000 | From reputable breeders; show quality at higher end |
| Adoption Fee | $200 - $500 | From breed-specific rescues or shelters |
| Initial Supplies | $300 - $600 | Crate, bed, bowls, collar, leash, toys |
| Initial Vet Care | $200 - $500 | Exams, vaccinations, spay/neuter, microchip |
| Training Classes | $100 - $300 | Puppy kindergarten and basic obedience |
Annual Costs
- Food: $300 - $500 for high-quality dog food
- Veterinary Care: $400 - $700 for routine care, vaccines, preventatives
- Grooming: $400 - $800 for professional grooming (rough coat)
- Preventive Medications: $200 - $400 for flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
- Training/Activities: $200 - $500 for ongoing classes or activities
- Miscellaneous: $200 - $400 for toys, treats, replacements
Availability
- Breeders: Limited number of reputable breeders; research carefully
- Rescues: Available through breed-specific rescues occasionally
- Popularity: Considered an uncommon breed
- Geographic Variation: More common in some regions than others
- Waiting Period: Often need to wait for a puppy from a good breeder
Financial Considerations
Beyond routine expenses, potential Brussels Griffon owners should budget for possible costs related to breed-specific health issues, particularly breathing problems, eye conditions, and dental care. The initial investment in a well-bred puppy from health-tested parents can help reduce the risk of expensive health issues later in life. Pet insurance is recommended to help manage potential breed-specific health costs. The rough-coated variety requires regular professional grooming, which represents a significant ongoing expense.
Similar Breeds
If you're interested in the Brussels Griffon but want to explore similar breeds, consider these alternatives:
Affenpinscher
Close relative with similar mischievous personality and wiry coat. Known as "monkey dog" with comical expression and confident demeanor.
Pug
Shares brachycephalic features and comical personality. More easygoing than Griffons but similar devotion to family and sensitivity to temperature.
Boston Terrier
Similar size and intelligence with slightly longer muzzle. Known for gentle disposition and adaptability to various living situations.
Miniature Schnauzer
Similar bearded appearance and alert personality. Larger and more energetic than Griffons but shares intelligence and watchdog abilities.
Breed Comparison
| Breed | Similarities to Brussels Griffon | Key Differences |
|---|---|---|
| Affenpinscher | Similar size, wiry coat, mischievous personality | More independent, less sensitive, different ancestry |
| Pug | Brachycephalic features, comical nature, devotion to family | More easygoing, lower energy, different appearance |
| Boston Terrier | Similar size, intelligence, adaptability | Longer muzzle, gentler disposition, different heritage |
| Miniature Schnauzer | Bearded appearance, alertness, intelligence | Larger size, higher energy, more independent |
Frequently Asked Questions
Brussels Griffons can be excellent family dogs for households with older, considerate children who understand how to interact gently with small dogs. However, they are not recommended for families with young children who might handle them roughly or accidentally injure them. Their sensitivity and small size make them vulnerable to rough play. They form strong bonds with their families and can be wonderfully devoted companions in the right environment.
Brussels Griffons are alert dogs and will bark to notify their owners of anything unusual, but they are not typically excessive barkers without cause. They have a distinctive bark that can be surprisingly loud for their size. With proper training and adequate mental and physical stimulation, excessive barking can be managed. However, they will always be vocal when alerting to visitors or unusual sounds.
Brussels Griffons are intelligent and can learn quickly, but they can also be stubborn and independent, which may make training challenging at times. They respond best to positive reinforcement methods, patience, and consistency. House training can be particularly challenging with this breed. Their intelligence means they learn commands quickly, but their independent nature means they may choose when to obey. Early socialization and obedience training are essential for a well-adjusted Griffon.
Smooth-coated Brussels Griffons shed moderately, with increased shedding during seasonal changes. Rough-coated Brussels Griffons shed very little and are often considered a good option for people with allergies, though no dog is truly hypoallergenic. The rough coat requires regular grooming to prevent matting and maintain its texture, while the smooth coat requires less grooming but more frequent brushing during shedding seasons.
Brussels Griffons do not do well when left alone for long periods and are prone to developing separation anxiety. They form extremely strong bonds with their owners and prefer constant companionship. If you work long hours outside the home, a Brussels Griffon is not the best choice unless you can take them with you or make arrangements for their care during the day. They are often described as "Velcro dogs" because they want to be with their owners constantly.
Brussels Griffons can get along well with other dogs and cats, especially if raised with them from puppyhood. However, they can be territorial and may challenge larger dogs despite their small size. Proper introductions and supervision are important. Due to their history as ratters, they may have strong prey drives toward small animals like hamsters, birds, or rabbits, so caution is advised when introducing them to smaller pets.
Brussels Griffons have moderate exercise needs—about 30-45 minutes of activity daily. This should include short walks, play sessions, and mental stimulation. They are active indoors and can get much of their exercise through household activities and play. Due to their brachycephalic nature, they should not be overexercised, especially in hot or humid weather, and should always have access to fresh water and cool resting areas.
The average lifespan of a Brussels Griffon is 12-15 years. With proper care, some individuals may live even longer. Factors that influence lifespan include genetics, diet, exercise, preventive veterinary care, and management of breed-specific health issues. Responsible breeding practices that screen for genetic conditions can contribute to longer, healthier lives for these dogs. Regular veterinary check-ups, proper nutrition, and maintaining a healthy weight can all help extend your Griffon's lifespan.
Bottom Line: Is a Brussels Griffon Right for You?
The Brussels Griffon is a remarkable breed that packs enormous personality into a small package. These intelligent, sensitive dogs offer unwavering devotion to their families, entertaining antics, and the unique charm of their almost human-like expressions. However, they're not the right choice for everyone. Their sensitivity, potential for separation anxiety, and specific health considerations demand an owner who's prepared for the commitment. If you're someone who values constant companionship, has time for gentle training, and appreciates intelligence and personality in a small dog, the Brussels Griffon might be your perfect match. This historic breed rewards dedicated owners with years of loyalty, entertainment, and the unique satisfaction of living with one of the most personality-packed toy breeds available.
References and Further Readings
1- Chiari‐Like Malformation and Syringomyelia in American Brussels Griffon Dogs
2- Quantitative Analysis of Chiari-Like Malformation and Syringomyelia in the Griffon Bruxellois Dog
3- Nasal hyperkeratosis in Griffon breeds
4- Inherited Disorders in Brussels Griffons - University of Prince Edward Island
5- Brussels Griffon Genetic Diversity - Institute of Canine Biology
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