Dawn Lowery 
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever: The Playful Red Decoy
Intelligence, Energy, and Charm in One Package
The Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever, affectionately known as the "Toller," is the smallest of the retriever breeds but packs a powerful punch of intelligence, energy, and charm. These clever dogs were bred for a unique hunting technique that combines the roles of decoy and retriever.
In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore everything you need to know about the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever—from their fascinating history as specialized hunting companions to their modern role as energetic family pets and their specific care requirements.
Keep reading to discover if this vibrant and intelligent breed is the right match for your active lifestyle!
Basic Information
The Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever is a medium-sized gundog known for its intelligence, energy, and unique hunting method. Despite being the smallest of the retrievers, they are athletic, versatile, and full of personality.
| Other Names | Toller, Duck Toller, Little River Duck Dog |
|---|---|
| Breed Group | Gundog/Sporting (AKC) |
| Origin | Canada (Nova Scotia) |
| Height | Males: 48-51 cm (19-20 in); Females: 45-48 cm (18-19 in) |
| Weight | Males: 20-23 kg (44-51 lb); Females: 17-20 kg (37-44 lb) |
| Lifespan | 12-14 years |
| Coat | Medium-length double coat, water-repellent with soft undercoat |
| Color | Various shades of red or orange, often with white markings |
| Temperament | Intelligent, alert, outgoing, high-energy, affectionate |
| Energy Level | High - requires substantial daily exercise and mental stimulation |
| Good With | Families with children; active owners; experienced dog owners |
Did You Know?
The Toller's unique hunting technique was inspired by observing red foxes, who would play along shorelines to lure curious ducks within striking distance. Hunters trained their dogs to mimic this behavior, creating the "tolling" method that gives the breed its name.
History and Origin
The Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever has a fascinating history that dates back to early 19th century Nova Scotia, where it was developed as a specialized hunting companion.
Early Development
The breed was developed in the Acadian community of Little River Harbour in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, around the beginning of the 19th century. Originally known as the Little River Duck Dog or Yarmouth Toller, these dogs were bred to perform a unique dual role in waterfowl hunting.
The Toller's ancestry likely includes a mixture of retriever, spaniel, setter, and possibly farm collie breeds. Some experts believe the breed may trace origins to the now-extinct St. John's Water Dog and the Dutch tolling Kooikerhondje.
Breed Recognition
The breed was officially recognized by the Canadian Kennel Club in 1945 as the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever. It was declared the provincial dog of Nova Scotia in 1995. The American Kennel Club didn't fully recognize the breed until 2003, making it one of the more recently recognized retriever breeds.
Modern Development
The Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever's journey to international recognition involved several key developments:
- Early 1800s: Developed in Nova Scotia as the Little River Duck Dog
- 1945: Officially recognized by the Canadian Kennel Club
- 1980s: Gained national recognition in Canada
- 1988: First Tollers imported to Great Britain
- 1995: Declared provincial dog of Nova Scotia
- 2003: Recognized by the American Kennel Club
Today, responsible breeders focus on preserving the Toller's working abilities while developing stable temperaments suitable for family life.
Appearance & Physical Traits
The Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever presents a balanced, athletic appearance that conveys agility, strength, and intelligence.
Physical Characteristics
- Body: Compact, powerful, well-muscled, with medium to heavy bone structure
- Head: Clean-cut, slightly wedge-shaped, with a fox-like appearance
- Eyes: Almond-shaped, medium-sized, amber to brown in color
- Ears: Triangular, set high and well back on the skull
- Tail: Well-feathered, carried below level of back at rest, curves over when alert
Coat and Colors
- Texture: Water-repellent double coat with medium-length outer coat and soft, dense undercoat
- Colors: Various shades of red or orange, from golden red to dark coppery red
- White Markings: Common on tip of tail, feet, chest, and blaze on face
- Discouraged: Buff, brown, or beige colors; black in coat is unacceptable
Size and Proportion
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers are the smallest of the retriever breeds:
- Height: Males 48-51 cm (19-20 in), Females 45-48 cm (18-19 in)
- Weight: 17-23 kg (37-51 lb), with males typically larger than females
- Build: Balanced, athletic, with good bone structure and agility
- Overall Impression: Medium-sized, powerful, capable of endurance and speed
Temperament & Personality
The Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever possesses a complex temperament that combines intelligence, energy, and affection with a strong working drive.
Intelligent & Alert
Tollers are highly intelligent, quick learners who are always aware of their surroundings. They thrive on mental challenges and can easily become bored without sufficient stimulation.
Eager to Please
These dogs are known for their desire to please their owners, making them highly trainable. They respond well to positive reinforcement and enjoy working closely with their human companions.
High-Energy & Playful
Tollers maintain a playful, youthful demeanor throughout their lives. They have abundant energy and enjoy games, especially those that involve retrieving.
Reserved with Strangers
While affectionate with family, Tollers can be cautious around strangers. Early socialization is crucial to ensure they develop into well-adjusted adults.
Important Temperament Considerations
Tollers have a strong prey drive and may chase small animals if not properly socialized. They can be vocal, with a unique high-pitched bark known as the "Toller scream" that they use when excited or playing. Without adequate exercise and mental stimulation, they may develop destructive behaviors.
Temperament Traits
Exercise & Activity Needs
As a high-energy working breed, the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever requires substantial daily exercise to stay physically and mentally healthy.
Daily Walks & Activity
60+ Minutes
At least one hour of vigorous exercise daily, preferably more. This should include brisk walks, jogging, or hiking to maintain physical health and provide mental stimulation.
Tollers enjoy varied routes and environments to explore.
Vigorous Exercise
30-45 Minutes
Running, swimming, or structured play sessions to burn off energy. Games of fetch are particularly enjoyed and tap into their natural retrieving instincts.
Their webbed feet make them excellent swimmers.
Mental Stimulation
Daily
Training sessions, puzzle toys, and canine sports to challenge their intelligent minds. Tollers excel at agility, obedience, and other dog sports.
A mentally understimulated Toller may become destructive.
Weekly Exercise Schedule
- Daily: 60+ minutes of walking + 30-45 minutes of vigorous activity
- 4-5 times per week: Off-leash running in secure areas or swimming
- Weekly: Structured training sessions or participation in canine sports
- Ongoing: Access to puzzle toys and interactive games
Exercise Considerations
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers have high energy levels and need consistent daily exercise. Without adequate physical and mental stimulation, they may develop behavioral issues such as excessive barking, digging, or chewing. Their intelligence means they require both physical and mental challenges to stay content. Due to their strong prey drive, always exercise your Toller in secure areas or keep them on a leash.
Diet & Food
Proper nutrition is essential for supporting the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever's active lifestyle and maintaining their overall health.
Puppy Diet
0-12 Months
High-quality puppy food formulated for medium breeds, fed 3-4 times daily. Look for foods with DHA for brain development and proper calcium-phosphorus ratios for bone health.
Puppies need approximately 55-65 calories per pound of body weight.
Adult Diet
1-7 Years
High-quality adult dog food with real meat as the first ingredient, fed twice daily. Amount varies based on activity level but typically 1.5-2.5 cups daily for a 20kg dog.
Adults need approximately 30-40 calories per pound of body weight.
Senior Diet
7+ Years
Senior formula with joint supplements, fewer calories, and adjusted protein levels. Monitor weight closely and adjust portions as metabolism slows with age.
Seniors need approximately 25-35 calories per pound of body weight.
Nutritional Requirements
- Protein: 22-26% from high-quality animal sources for muscle maintenance
- Fat: 12-16% for energy and coat health
- Joint Support: Glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health
- Omega Fatty Acids: Support skin health and maintain water-repellent coat
- Controlled Portions: Avoid overfeeding to prevent obesity
Feeding Considerations
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers can be prone to certain health conditions that may be influenced by diet, including hip dysplasia and autoimmune disorders. Feeding a high-quality diet appropriate for their life stage and activity level is important. Using a slow-feeder bowl can help prevent bloat, and always avoid vigorous exercise immediately after meals.
Health & Care
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers are generally healthy with a lifespan of 12-14 years, but like all breeds, they can be prone to certain health conditions.
Common Health Concerns
| Health Condition | Description | Prevention/Management |
|---|---|---|
| Progressive Retinal Atrophy | Inherited eye disease causing gradual vision loss | DNA testing, regular eye exams |
| Hip Dysplasia | Developmental abnormality of the hip joint | Weight management, proper nutrition, screening of breeding stock |
| Addison's Disease | Insufficient production of adrenal hormones | Medical management |
| Autoimmune Thyroiditis | Thyroid gland inflammation leading to hypothyroidism | Regular testing, medication management |
| Collie Eye Anomaly | Inherited eye condition that can lead to blindness | DNA testing |
| Steroid-Responsive Meningitis | Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord | Medical treatment |
Grooming Requirements
The Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever's double coat requires regular maintenance to keep it in good condition:
At-Home Care
2-3 Times Weekly
Brush with a slicker brush or undercoat rake to remove loose hair and prevent matting. Bathing only when necessary to preserve natural oils.
Their double coat sheds moderately, with heavier seasonal shedding.
Special Care
As Needed
Regular nail trimming, ear cleaning, and dental care. Pay special attention to feathering on ears, legs, and tail to prevent matting.
Weekly ear cleanings help prevent infections, especially after swimming.
Preventive Care
- Regular Veterinary Visits: Annual check-ups, more frequently for seniors
- Health Screening: DNA testing for hereditary conditions, hip and elbow evaluations
- Parasite Prevention: Regular flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
- Dental Care: Regular brushing and professional cleanings
- Weight Management: Maintain healthy weight to reduce joint stress
Training & Behavior
Training a Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever requires patience, consistency, and an understanding of their intelligent but sometimes strong-willed nature.
Training Approach
- Positive Reinforcement: Use reward-based training with treats, praise, and play
- Start Early: Begin training and socialization from puppyhood
- Keep Sessions Engaging: Short, varied sessions to maintain attention
- Be Consistent: Use the same commands and expectations consistently
- Make it Fun: Incorporate games and variety to keep them engaged
Socialization Needs
Early and ongoing socialization is crucial for Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers:
- Puppy Classes: Enroll in puppy kindergarten for early socialization
- Various Environments: Expose to different people, places, and situations
- Other Animals: Carefully supervised introductions to other pets
- Positive Experiences: Ensure new experiences are positive and not overwhelming
Training Tips
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers are intelligent and eager to please but can be strong-willed. They respond best to training that respects their intelligence while establishing clear leadership. Avoid harsh training methods as these can damage the bond with your dog. Their intelligence means they learn quickly but can also become bored with repetition, so keeping training sessions engaging and varied is important. These dogs excel in various dog sports including agility, obedience, flyball, and dock diving.
Common Behavioral Issues
- Destructive Behavior: Chewing or other destructive behaviors if understimulated
- Excessive Barking: Can be vocal, especially when bored or excited
- Prey Drive: Strong instinct to chase small animals
- Separation Anxiety: May develop if left alone too much due to strong family attachment
- Resource Guarding: Some individuals may guard food or toys if not properly trained
Living Environment
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers are adaptable dogs that can thrive in various living situations when their exercise and mental stimulation needs are met.
Ideal Home Setup
- Space: Can adapt to apartment living with sufficient daily exercise
- Yard: Secure, fenced yard is highly recommended for play and training
- Climate: Tolerate various climates well thanks to their double coat
- Indoor Access: Should live indoors as part of the family, not kept outdoors
Family Compatibility
- Children: Generally good with children when properly socialized, but all interactions should be supervised
- Other Pets: May coexist with other pets if raised together; caution with small animals due to prey drive
- Seniors: Suitable for active seniors who can meet their exercise needs
- First-time Owners: Better suited for owners with some dog experience
Important Considerations
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers require substantial time commitment for exercise, training, and mental stimulation. They are not suitable for sedentary lifestyles or owners who are away from home for long periods. Their high intelligence means they need both physical and mental challenges to prevent boredom-related behaviors. Potential owners should be prepared for regular grooming maintenance and the breed's seasonal shedding.
Best Living Situation
The ideal home for a Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever is with an active family or individual who:
- Has previous experience with high-energy, intelligent breeds
- Can provide daily vigorous exercise and mental stimulation
- Has time for consistent training and socialization
- Values a loyal, affectionate companion
- Has a secure yard or access to safe exercise areas
Role & Purpose
Throughout history, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers have served in specialized roles, transitioning from unique hunting companions to versatile modern dogs.
Historical Roles
- Tolling Dog: Primary role was to lure waterfowl within gunshot range by playing along shoreline
- Retriever: Collected downed birds from water and land after hunting
- Versatile Hunter: Used for various types of game in addition to waterfowl
- Farm Helper: Assisted with various tasks on farms and homesteads
Modern Roles
- Family Companion: Loyal and affectionate family pet for active households
- Performance Sports: Excel in agility, obedience, dock diving, and other dog sports
- Search and Rescue: Their intelligence and endurance make them well-suited for search work
- Therapy Work: Can be trained as therapy dogs with proper temperament
- Hunting Companion: Still used as versatile gundogs by hunters
Unique Hunting Method
The Toller's name comes from their unique hunting technique. "Tolling" derives from the Middle English word "tollen," which means to entice or lure. The dog plays and romps along the shoreline, curiosity attracting ducks within gunshot range. Once birds are downed, the Toller retrieves them from the water. This dual purpose makes them unique among hunting breeds.
Breed Strengths
- Intelligence: Quick learners capable of complex tasks
- Versatility: Adaptable to various roles and activities
- Stamina: Excellent endurance for various activities
- Water Ability: Strong swimmers with water-repellent coat and webbed feet
- Work Ethic: Strong desire to work and please their owners
Cost & Availability
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers are a relatively rare breed with specific considerations regarding cost and availability.
Initial Costs
| Expense | Cost Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Purchase Price | $1,800 - $3,500 | From reputable breeders; show quality at higher end |
| Adoption Fee | $300 - $600 | From breed-specific rescues or shelters |
| Initial Supplies | $400 - $700 | Crate, bed, bowls, collar, leash, toys, grooming tools |
| Initial Vet Care | $300 - $600 | Exams, vaccinations, spay/neuter, microchip |
| Training Classes | $150 - $400 | Puppy kindergarten and basic obedience |
Annual Costs
- Food: $600 - $900 for high-quality dog food
- Veterinary Care: $500 - $800 for routine care, vaccines, preventatives
- Preventive Medications: $300 - $500 for flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
- Training/Activities: $300 - $600 for ongoing classes or dog sports
- Grooming: $400 - $700 if using professional groomers regularly
- Miscellaneous: $300 - $500 for toys, treats, replacements
Availability
- Breeders: Limited number of reputable breeders; research carefully
- Rescues: Available through breed-specific rescues occasionally
- Popularity: Ranked 87th most popular AKC breed
- Geographic Variation: More common in Canada than other countries
- Waiting Period: Often need to wait for a puppy from a good breeder
Financial Considerations
Beyond routine expenses, potential Toller owners should budget for possible costs related to breed-specific health testing, including DNA tests for hereditary conditions. The initial investment in a well-bred puppy from health-tested parents can help reduce the risk of expensive health issues later in life. Their intelligence and energy level mean they benefit from ongoing training and activities, which represents an additional ongoing expense. Pet insurance is recommended to help manage potential breed-specific health costs.
Similar Breeds
If you're interested in the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever but want to explore similar breeds, consider these alternatives:
Golden Retriever
Larger relative with similar affectionate nature and retrieving instincts. Known for being particularly friendly and good with families and children.
Irish Setter
Similar red coat color and high energy level. More independent than Tollers but shares the sporting dog heritage and need for activity.
Kooikerhondje
Similar tolling method and size. Dutch breed also used to lure ducks, though with different appearance and more reserved temperament.
Border Collie
Similar intelligence and energy level with strong work ethic. More focused on herding than retrieving but equally needs mental stimulation.
Breed Comparison
| Breed | Similarities to Toller | Key Differences |
|---|---|---|
| Golden Retriever | Retrieving instincts, affectionate nature, intelligence | Larger size, generally more outgoing with strangers, lower prey drive |
| Irish Setter | Similar coat color, high energy, sporting heritage | Larger size, more independent, different hunting style |
| Kooikerhondje | Tolling method, similar size, waterfowl heritage | Different appearance, more reserved temperament, less retrieving drive |
| Border Collie | High intelligence, energy level, need for mental stimulation | Different working style, more intense focus, different appearance |
Frequently Asked Questions
Yes, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers can be excellent family dogs for active households. They are known for their affection toward family members, intelligence, and playful nature. However, due to their high energy level and need for mental stimulation, they are better suited for families who can provide ample exercise and engagement. They generally do well with children, especially when raised with them, but all interactions should be supervised, particularly with younger children who might be overwhelmed by the dog's energy.
The term "tolling" comes from the Middle English word "tollen," which means to entice or lure. The breed is named for its unique hunting method where the dog plays and romps along the shoreline, attracting the curiosity of ducks and luring them within gunshot range. Once the birds are downed, the Toller then retrieves them from the water. This dual purpose of luring and retrieving makes them unique among hunting breeds.
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers are highly intelligent and generally eager to please, which makes them quite trainable. However, they can be strong-willed and may become bored with repetitive training sessions. They respond best to positive reinforcement methods, varied training activities, and consistent leadership. Early socialization and obedience training are essential. Their intelligence means they learn quickly, but it also means they require mental challenges to stay engaged and prevent boredom-related behaviors.
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers need substantial daily exercise—at least 60-90 minutes of vigorous activity daily. This should include walks, more intense exercise like running or playing fetch, and mental stimulation through training or puzzle toys. Without adequate exercise, they may develop behavioral issues. Their high energy level and intelligence mean they enjoy and benefit from regular, structured physical activity combined with mental challenges. They particularly enjoy activities that involve retrieving and swimming.
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers are generally healthy with a lifespan of 12-14 years, but they can be prone to certain health conditions. Common issues include progressive retinal atrophy, hip dysplasia, Addison's disease, autoimmune thyroiditis, and collie eye anomaly. Responsible breeders screen for these conditions. Potential owners should seek breeders who perform health testing on their breeding stock. Regular veterinary care, proper nutrition, and maintaining a healthy weight can help prevent or manage many health issues.
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers can adapt to apartment living if their extensive exercise needs are met. Apartment dwellers must be committed to providing multiple daily walks and trips to secure areas for running and play. Their moderate size and generally quiet nature when properly exercised make them adaptable to smaller living spaces, but their high energy level requires dedicated owners who can ensure they receive adequate physical and mental stimulation daily. A secure yard is highly beneficial but not absolutely necessary if alternative exercise arrangements are made.
The "Toller scream" is a unique high-pitched vocalization that many Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers make when they are excited or highly stimulated. It's not an aggressive sound but rather an expression of excitement, often heard during play, when anticipating a favorite activity, or when frustrated. Not all Tollers exhibit this behavior, but it's common in the breed. The sound is distinctive and can be surprising to those unfamiliar with the breed. Proper training can help manage excessive vocalization.
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers can get along well with other dogs, especially when properly socialized from a young age. However, they have a strong prey drive and may chase small animals, including cats, if not introduced properly and early. With careful introductions and ongoing management, many Tollers live successfully with other pets. It's important to supervise interactions, particularly initially, and provide proper training to manage their prey drive. Early socialization is key to developing good relationships with other animals.
Bottom Line: Is a Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever Right for You?
The Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever is a remarkable breed that combines intelligence, energy, and versatility in one vibrant package. These clever, affectionate dogs offer unwavering devotion to their families, impressive working ability, and the unique charm of their fox-like appearance and unique "tolling" heritage. However, they're not the right choice for everyone. Their high exercise requirements, need for mental stimulation, and potential health considerations demand an owner who's prepared for the commitment. If you're an active person or family with time for daily vigorous exercise, consistent training, and the energy to keep up with an intelligent companion, the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever might be your perfect match. This Canadian breed rewards dedicated owners with years of loyalty, entertainment, and the satisfaction of living with one of the most unique and engaging retriever breeds.
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