Andrea Arden 
Otterhound
Otterhound: The Rare Aquatic Hunter
Shaggy, Affectionate, and Remarkably Rare
The Otterhound is one of the world's most endangered dog breeds, a magnificent shaggy-coated scent hound with a fascinating history as an aquatic hunter. With fewer than 1,000 individuals worldwide, this gentle giant combines remarkable swimming ability with a friendly, boisterous personality that belies its impressive size and historical purpose.
Originally developed in medieval England for the now-outlawed practice of otter hunting, these unique dogs possess extraordinary characteristics including webbed feet, a waterproof double coat, and an exceptional sense of smell that allows them to track scents both on land and in water. Their distinctive appearance and amiable nature make them unforgettable companions for those fortunate enough to encounter one.
In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore everything you need to know about the Otterhound—from their medieval origins and unique physical adaptations to their specific care requirements and whether this rare, charismatic breed might be the right companion for your lifestyle.
Basic Information
The Otterhound is a large, rough-coated scent hound breed known for its exceptional swimming ability, distinctive shaggy appearance, and critically endangered status as one of the world's rarest dog breeds.
| Other Names | Otti (affectionate nickname) |
|---|---|
| Breed Group | Hound (AKC) |
| Origin | England |
| Height | 24-27 inches (males 25-27", females 23-25") |
| Weight | 80-115 pounds (males 90-115, females 80-100) |
| Lifespan | 10-13 years |
| Coat | Double coat with rough, waterproof outer layer and soft undercoat |
| Colors | All hound colors including grizzle, sandy, red, wheaten, blue, black and tan |
| Temperament | Amiable, boisterous, affectionate, independent, vocal |
| Energy Level | Moderate to High - requires regular exercise, especially swimming |
| Good With | Families, children, other dogs; may chase small pets |
Did You Know?
The Otterhound is considered more endangered than the giant panda, with only around 600 individuals worldwide according to some estimates. These dogs possess several unique adaptations for their original aquatic work: webbed feet for efficient swimming, a rough waterproof double coat that provides insulation in cold water, and an extraordinary sense of smell that allows them to follow scent trails more than 10 hours old, even underwater. The breed's distinctive vocalization is a musical baying that hunters could follow across long distances. Otterhounds were said to need "a Bulldog's courage, a Newfoundland's strength in water, a Pointer's nose, a Retriever's sagacity, the stamina of a Foxhound, the patience of a Beagle, and the intelligence of a Collie."
History and Origin
The Otterhound boasts a fascinating history dating back to medieval England, where it was developed for the specialized task of otter hunting to protect fishing waters.
Medieval Beginnings
The first documented Otterhounds date back to the 14th century, with records of King John keeping a pack as early as 1212. These dogs were essential for controlling otter populations that threatened fish stocks in English rivers and streams. Otter hunting was considered vital for protecting valuable food sources, making the Otterhound an important working dog rather than merely a sporting companion.
The breed was developed through crossings of various French and English hounds, likely including the Bloodhound for its exceptional scenting ability, the rough-coated French Griffon, and possibly water spaniels to enhance swimming capability. This genetic combination created a dog uniquely suited to track otters both on land and in water, capable of following scent trails for hours across challenging terrain.
Decline and Conservation
Otter hunting reached its peak popularity in the late 19th century with over 20 packs hunting regularly throughout Britain. However, the breed's very effectiveness contributed to its decline. By 1978, otter populations had dwindled so dramatically that the animal was placed on Britain's protected species list, and otter hunting was banned. This left the Otterhound without its traditional work, and many packs were disbanded. The breed's numbers plummeted, and today it stands as one of the world's most endangered dog breeds. Conservation efforts by dedicated breeders and enthusiasts have maintained the population, but the Otterhound remains vulnerable with only about 41 new registrations in the UK in 2016.
Breed Development Timeline
- 1212: First documented Otterhound pack belonging to King John
- 14th Century: Regular references to otter hunting with specialized hounds
- 19th Century: Peak of otter hunting with over 20 packs in Britain
- Early 1900s: First Otterhounds brought to the United States
- 1978: Otter hunting banned in Britain; breed numbers decline dramatically
- Present Day: Critically endangered with approximately 600-1,000 worldwide
Appearance & Physical Traits
The Otterhound presents a distinctive, rugged appearance with physical characteristics specifically adapted for its historical role as an aquatic hunter.
Physical Characteristics
- Body: Large, substantial, and slightly rectangular with strong bone structure
- Head: Large and narrow with a deep muzzle and pronounced stop
- Eyes: Deep-set with a gentle, intelligent expression
- Ears: Long, pendulous, and low-set, rolling inward to form a "drape"
- Nose: Large and wide with well-developed nostrils for superior scenting
- Neck: Powerful and slightly arched, strong enough to handle strong currents
- Tail: Thick at base, carried saber-like when moving, never curled over back
- Feet: Large, round, thickly padded with webbing between toes
Coat and Colors
The Otterhound has a unique double coat designed for protection in water and rough terrain:
- Coat Types: Double coat with harsh, waterproof outer coat and soft, oily undercoat
- Color Patterns: All recognized hound colors including whole colored, grizzle, sandy, red, wheaten, blue
- Markings: White markings permissible; black and tan, blue and tan, various pied patterns
- Coat Texture: Rough, dense, and slightly oily; 1.5-3 inches in length
- Weather Resistance: Waterproof and weather-resistant due to oily texture
Size and Proportion
Otterhounds are substantial dogs with impressive dimensions:
- Height: Males 24-27 inches; females 23-25 inches at shoulder
- Weight: Males 90-115 pounds; females 80-100 pounds
- Build: Substantial and powerful with balanced proportions
- Substance: Strong bone and substantial muscle mass for endurance
Temperament & Personality
The Otterhound's temperament combines gentle affection with determined independence, creating a unique companion that is both loving and self-reliant.
Affectionate & Good-Natured
Otterhounds are famously affectionate and good-natured with their families. Their gentle disposition and patience make them excellent companions for children and other dogs.
Vocal & Expressive
Bred to communicate with hunters over distance, Otterhounds are vocal with a distinctive, melodious baying voice. They enjoy "talking" but are not excessive barkers.
Independent Thinker
Bred to work autonomously while hunting, Otterhounds are intelligent problem-solvers who may question commands that don't seem purposeful to them.
Water-Obsessed
With their aquatic heritage, Otterhounds have an innate love for water and will seize any opportunity to swim, making them ideal companions for water activities.
Important Temperament Considerations
Otterhounds are generally easygoing and affectionate but require proper socialization from an early age. Their strong hunting instincts mean they may chase small animals, including cats, unless raised with them. These dogs can be stubborn and independent, which can present training challenges for inexperienced owners. Their loud, musical baying may not be suitable for apartment living or close-quarters with noise-sensitive neighbors. Otterhounds have a tendency to follow interesting scents and may wander if not properly contained. Early positive experiences with various people, places, and situations are crucial for developing a well-adjusted adult. Their size and enthusiasm mean they can be clumsy as youngsters, so supervision with small children is recommended.
Temperament Traits
Exercise & Activity Needs
Otterhounds have moderate to high exercise requirements and thrive when given opportunities to engage in their natural strengths, particularly swimming and scent work.
Daily Exercise
60-90 Minutes
Regular walks, jogging, or active play sessions. Otterhounds benefit from consistent daily activity to maintain physical and mental health.
Always use a secure leash - their scent drive is powerful.
Swimming
Weekly
Regular swimming sessions satisfy their natural instincts and provide excellent low-impact exercise. Their webbed feet make them powerful swimmers.
Ideal exercise that engages their natural abilities.
Mental Stimulation
Daily
Scent work, tracking games, and puzzle toys provide necessary mental challenges. Their exceptional nose needs regular engagement.
Prevents boredom and satisfies hunting instincts.
Weekly Exercise Schedule
- Daily: 60-90 minutes of combined physical activity
- 4-5 times per week: Opportunities for off-leash running in secure areas
- 2-3 times per week: Swimming sessions or water activities
- Weekly: Scent work or tracking games to engage their natural abilities
Exercise Considerations
Otterhounds should never be trusted off-leash in unsecured areas due to their powerful scent drive. Once they catch an interesting trail, they may become completely focused on tracking and ignore commands, potentially wandering great distances. These dogs are well-adapted to cold weather and water activities thanks to their waterproof coats, but they can overheat in warm conditions, so exercise during cooler parts of the day in summer. Their love of water means they will seek out ponds, lakes, or streams whenever possible, so ensure swimming areas are safe and clean. Always dry their ears thoroughly after swimming to prevent infections. Otterhounds excel at canine sports like tracking, nose work, and water trials that engage their natural abilities.
Diet & Nutrition
Proper nutrition is essential for Otterhounds, who require a balanced diet to support their large size and active lifestyle while preventing weight gain.
Puppy Diet
0-18 Months
Large breed puppy food formulated for controlled growth, fed 3-4 times daily. Proper nutrition supports healthy bone and joint development.
Avoid overfeeding to prevent rapid growth that stresses developing joints.
Adult Diet
1.5-7 Years
High-quality adult dog food with balanced protein and controlled calories. Adults typically need 3-4 cups daily, divided into two meals.
Adjust portions based on activity level and metabolism.
Senior Diet
7+ Years
Senior formula with joint support, controlled calories, and adjusted nutrient levels. Monitor weight as metabolism slows.
Seniors may need smaller, more frequent meals to aid digestion.
Nutritional Requirements
- Protein: Moderate levels from high-quality sources (22-26%)
- Fat: Controlled levels to prevent excessive weight gain
- Joint Support: Glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health
- Calorie Control: Important as they are prone to weight gain
- Portion Control: Critical to maintain ideal body condition
Feeding Considerations
Otterhounds are deep-chested dogs prone to bloat (gastric dilatation-volvulus), a life-threatening condition. Feed multiple small meals rather than one large meal, and avoid vigorous exercise before and after eating. Elevated feeding stations may actually increase bloat risk. Use slow-feed bowls if your dog eats too quickly. Always provide fresh water, but limit water intake immediately before and after meals. The cost of feeding an Otterhound can be substantial due to their size. Consult your veterinarian for specific dietary recommendations based on your Otterhound's age, activity level, and health status.
Health & Care
Otterhounds are generally robust dogs with a lifespan of 10-13 years, but like many large breeds, they can be prone to certain health conditions.
Common Health Concerns
| Health Condition | Description | Prevention/Management |
|---|---|---|
| Hip Dysplasia | Developmental abnormality of hip joints | Weight management, proper nutrition, screening breeding dogs |
| Elbow Dysplasia | Developmental abnormality of elbow joints | Weight management, proper nutrition, surgical correction if severe |
| Bloat (GDV) | Life-threatening stomach torsion | Multiple small meals, no exercise around mealtimes, preventive surgery |
| Epilepsy | Seizure disorder with no identifiable cause | Medication management, veterinary neurology care |
| Ear Infections | Common due to long, hanging ears and love of water | Regular ear cleaning and drying, especially after swimming |
Grooming Requirements
The Otterhound's distinctive double coat requires regular maintenance to keep it healthy and prevent matting.
Regular Brushing
Weekly
Weekly brushing with slicker brush or undercoat rake. Daily brushing during heavy shedding seasons. Regular nail trimming and dental care.
Prevents matting and removes debris from the coat.
Ear Care
Weekly
Weekly ear cleaning and inspection to prevent infections. Their long, hanging ears trap moisture and require regular maintenance.
Essential due to their floppy ear structure and love of water.
Preventive Care
- Regular Veterinary Visits: Annual check-ups recommended; semi-annual for seniors
- Dental Care: Daily brushing and professional cleanings as needed
- Weight Management: Important to prevent joint stress and other issues
- Joint Health: Appropriate exercise and supplements as recommended
- Parasite Prevention: Regular flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
Training & Behavior
Training an Otterhound requires patience, consistency, and an understanding of their intelligent but independent nature.
Training Approach
- Positive Reinforcement: Use reward-based training with high-value treats, praise, and play
- Early Start: Begin training and socialization from 8-10 weeks old
- Consistency: Establish clear rules and expectations from the beginning
- Patience: Otterhounds are independent thinkers and may not respond immediately
- Short Sessions: Keep training brief and engaging to maintain focus
Socialization Needs
Early and extensive socialization is crucial for Otterhounds:
- Puppy Classes: Enroll in puppy kindergarten for early socialization
- Various Environments: Expose to different people, places, and situations
- Positive Experiences: Ensure new experiences are positive and not overwhelming
- Ongoing Socialization: Continue social experiences throughout their life
Training Tips
Otterhounds respond best to positive, patient training methods that respect their intelligence and independence. Their hunting heritage means they're bred to follow scents for hours without human direction, which can translate to stubbornness in training. Socialization is particularly important to ensure they develop into well-adjusted adults comfortable in various situations. Training should focus on building a strong bond and establishing reliable recall and leash skills, as their scent drive can override obedience when they catch an interesting trail. Remember that Otterhounds are sensitive to harsh treatment and respond better to encouragement than correction. These intelligent dogs excel when training incorporates their natural abilities, such as tracking games and nose work.
Common Behavioral Issues
- Baying: Loud, musical vocalizations that may disturb neighbors
- Stubbornness: May ignore commands if not properly motivated
- Roaming: Strong tendency to follow scents and wander if not properly contained
- Destructive Behavior: Can occur if bored or under-exercised
- Water Obsession: May jump into any available water source, regardless of safety
Living Environment
Otterhounds can adapt to various living situations when their needs for exercise, mental stimulation, and secure containment are met.
Ideal Home Setup
- Space: Best suited for homes with ample indoor space and access to a securely fenced yard
- Secure Fencing: Essential for safety due to their strong hunting instinct and tendency to roam
- Indoor Access: Should live indoors as part of the family, not kept outdoors exclusively
- Water Access: Ideally located near safe swimming areas or with space for a paddling pool
Family Compatibility
- Children: Excellent with children; gentle, patient, and tolerant
- Other Pets: Usually good with other dogs; may chase cats or small pets unless raised together
- Seniors: May be suitable if exercise needs can be met
- First-time Owners: Can be challenging due to independent nature and size
Important Considerations
Otterhounds are not recommended for apartment living due to their size, energy level, and loud baying. Their substantial exercise needs and love of water make them better suited to homes with access to outdoor space and swimming areas. These dogs require secure, tall fencing as they may attempt to escape when following interesting scents. Their shaggy coats track in dirt and water, and they tend to drool, making them messy house companions. Otterhounds thrive in homes where they're included as family members and given adequate physical and mental challenges. Always consider the time commitment required for training, exercise, and grooming before acquiring an Otterhound.
Best Living Situation
The ideal home for an Otterhound is with an individual or family who:
- Can provide daily exercise and mental stimulation
- Has a securely fenced yard or access to safe off-leash areas
- Enjoys outdoor activities, especially swimming
- Values an intelligent, independent companion
- Is prepared for grooming requirements and some messiness
Cost & Availability
Otterhounds are exceptionally rare with specific considerations regarding cost and availability due to their endangered status and limited population.
Initial Costs
| Expense | Cost Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Purchase Price | $1,500 - $3,000+ | From reputable breeders; very limited availability |
| Adoption Fee | $300 - $600 | Rarely available through rescue; breed-specific rescues uncommon |
| Initial Supplies | $500 - $1,000 | Extra-large crate, bed, bowls, collar, leash, grooming tools |
| Initial Vet Care | $500 - $1,000 | Exams, vaccinations, spay/neuter, microchip, health screenings |
| Training Classes | $200 - $500 | Puppy kindergarten and basic obedience |
Annual Costs
- Food: $800 - $1,200 for high-quality large breed dog food
- Veterinary Care: $500 - $1,000 for routine care and potential health issues
- Grooming: $300 - $600 for supplies or professional grooming
- Preventive Medications: $400 - $700 for flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
- Training/Activities: $200 - $500 for ongoing classes or activities
- Miscellaneous: $400 - $800 for toys, treats, replacements
- Insurance: $700 - $1,200 for large breed insurance
Availability
- Breeders: Very limited number of reputable breeders; extensive research essential
- Rescues: Rarely available through general shelters; breed-specific rescues uncommon
- Popularity: Ranked 152nd out of 155 AKC breeds; critically endangered worldwide
- Geographic Variation: More common in Britain and United States; rare elsewhere
- Waiting Period: Often lengthy waits for puppies from reputable breeders
Similar Breeds
If you're interested in the Otterhound but want to explore similar breeds, consider these alternatives:
Bloodhound
Similar scenting ability and gentle nature but with distinctive wrinkled skin and longer ears. Generally more focused on tracking and less interested in water.
Portuguese Water Dog
Similar love of water and athletic swimming ability but with a curly, hypoallergenic coat. Generally more biddable and eager to please than Otterhounds.
Irish Wolfhound
Similar rough coat and gentle giant temperament but significantly larger in size. Bred for different work with less focus on water and scenting.
Wirehaired Pointing Griffon
Similar rough, waterproof coat and love of water but bred for different hunting style. Generally more biddable and versatile in hunting roles.
Frequently Asked Questions
Otterhounds are exceptionally rare for several reasons. Their original purpose - otter hunting - was banned in 1978 when otters became a protected species in Britain, eliminating the breed's primary function. They were never numerous even during the height of otter hunting's popularity, with only about 20 packs existing at the peak. The breed's large size and substantial care requirements make them less practical for many modern households. Additionally, responsible breeding programs carefully manage the limited genetic pool to maintain health, which naturally limits population growth. With only around 600 individuals worldwide and approximately 41 new registrations in the UK in 2016, the Otterhound is considered more endangered than the giant panda.
Otterhounds can be excellent family pets for the right households. They are typically gentle, affectionate, and good-natured with family members, including children. Their patient disposition and generally tolerant nature make them good companions for families who can accommodate their size and energy needs. However, their strong hunting instincts mean they may chase small pets, and their independent nature can present training challenges. Otterhounds do best with families who have space for them to exercise, tolerance for their loud baying, and understanding of their need for mental stimulation. Proper socialization and training from puppyhood are essential for developing a well-adjusted family companion.
Otterhounds have moderate to high exercise requirements, typically needing 60-90 minutes of daily activity. This should include both physical exercise and mental stimulation. They particularly enjoy and benefit from swimming, which engages their natural abilities and provides excellent low-impact exercise. In addition to daily walks, they appreciate opportunities for off-leash running in secure areas, scent work, and tracking games. Otterhounds who don't receive adequate exercise may develop destructive behaviors or become overweight. While they have good stamina, they are generally adaptable to their owner's activity level as long as their basic needs are met. Their exercise requirements make them best suited for active individuals or families.
Otterhounds present moderate training challenges due to their independent nature and strong hunting instincts. They are intelligent and capable learners but may question the purpose of commands and can be easily distracted by interesting scents. Their hunting heritage means they were bred to work autonomously, which can translate to stubbornness in training. They respond best to positive reinforcement methods, patience, and consistency. Early socialization and obedience training are crucial. While not the easiest breed to train, they are certainly trainable with the right approach, especially when training incorporates their natural abilities and provides appropriate motivation. Harsh methods are counterproductive with this sensitive breed.
Otterhounds have a double coat that sheds moderately throughout the year, with increased shedding during seasonal changes. Their rough, waterproof outer coat and soft undercoat require regular brushing - typically once or twice weekly - to prevent matting and remove loose hair. While they are not considered hypoallergenic, their shedding is manageable with consistent grooming. Regular brushing also helps distribute the natural oils in their coat, maintaining its waterproof qualities and healthy appearance. During shedding seasons, more frequent brushing may be necessary to manage the increased hair loss. Their coat also tends to trap debris from outdoor adventures, so regular grooming helps keep them clean and comfortable.
Otterhounds are generally not recommended for apartment living due to their large size, moderate to high energy level, and loud, musical baying. Their substantial exercise needs can be challenging to meet without access to outdoor space, and their vocalizations may disturb neighbors in close quarters. Additionally, their shaggy coat tends to track in dirt and moisture, which can be problematic in smaller living spaces. If kept in an apartment, owners must be committed to providing multiple daily exercise sessions and access to parks or other areas where the dog can run safely. Even with adequate exercise, their size and vocalizations may still present problems in multi-unit buildings. These dogs are much better suited to homes with securely fenced yards.
The average lifespan of an Otterhound is 10-13 years, which is typical for a large breed. With excellent care, some individuals may live slightly longer. Factors that influence lifespan include genetics, diet, exercise, preventive veterinary care, and management of breed-specific health issues. Providing a healthy lifestyle with proper weight management, regular veterinary check-ups, attention to joint health, and prompt treatment of any health concerns can help ensure your Otterhound lives a long, healthy life. Be aware that like many large breeds, they can be prone to certain health conditions like hip dysplasia and bloat that can affect quality of life and longevity.
Otterhounds can be challenging for first-time dog owners due to their independent nature, substantial size, and specific care requirements. Their stubborn streak and strong hunting instincts require patient, consistent training that may be difficult for novice owners. Additionally, their grooming needs, exercise requirements, and potential health issues demand significant commitment. However, a dedicated first-time owner who does thorough research, works with experienced trainers, commits to proper socialization and exercise, and is prepared for the challenges could potentially succeed with an Otterhound. Most experts recommend starting with a less challenging breed for novice owners. If a first-time owner is committed to an Otterhound, professional training guidance and mentorship from experienced owners are essential.
Bottom Line: Is an Otterhound Right for You?
The Otterhound is a truly remarkable breed with a fascinating history and unique characteristics that set it apart from all other dogs. This gentle giant combines affectionate family companionship with determined hunting prowess, wrapped in a shaggy, waterproof coat that hints at its aquatic heritage. However, this breed is not for everyone. Their substantial exercise needs, independent nature, grooming requirements, and critically endangered status demand committed, knowledgeable owners who understand and appreciate hound characteristics. They thrive in active homes with space to roam, opportunities to swim, and families who can provide consistent training and mental stimulation. If you're prepared for the commitment of owning one of the world's rarest breeds and can provide the necessary care, training, and understanding, an Otterhound might be your perfect companion. This extraordinary breed rewards dedicated owners with unwavering loyalty, fascinating behaviors, and the privilege of sharing your life with a living piece of canine history.
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