Dawn Lowery 
Saint Bernard
Saint Bernard: The Gentle Giant
Patient, Gentle, and Heroic
The Saint Bernard is a giant working dog breed known for its immense size, gentle temperament, and heroic history as a rescue dog in the Swiss Alps. These noble giants combine impressive physical presence with a remarkably sweet and patient nature, making them wonderful family companions despite their formidable appearance.
Originally bred by hospice monks in the Swiss Alps for rescue work, Saint Bernards have saved countless lives over the centuries. Their keen sense of direction, resistance to cold, and gentle disposition made them ideal for locating lost travelers in treacherous mountain conditions.
In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore everything you need to know about the Saint Bernard—from their fascinating Alpine origins to their specific care requirements and whether this gentle giant might be the right companion for your lifestyle and experience level.
Basic Information
The Saint Bernard is a giant breed known for its massive size, gentle disposition, and heroic history as an Alpine rescue dog. Despite their formidable appearance, these dogs are typically calm, patient, and affectionate with their families.
| Other Names | Alpine Mastiff, Saint |
|---|---|
| Breed Group | Working (AKC) |
| Origin | Switzerland / Italy |
| Height | 26-30 inches (males 28-30", females 26-28") |
| Weight | 120-180 pounds (males 140-180, females 120-140) |
| Lifespan | 8-10 years |
| Coat | Smooth or rough; white with red, mahogany, or brindle |
| Colors | White with red, mahogany, brindle, or orange markings |
| Temperament | Gentle, friendly, patient, watchful, calm |
| Energy Level | Low to Moderate - requires regular but not strenuous exercise |
| Good With | Families, children, other pets when properly socialized |
Did You Know?
The most famous Saint Bernard in history was Barry, who lived from 1800 to 1814 at the Great St. Bernard Hospice. He was credited with saving between 40-100 lives during his service. The myth of Saint Bernards carrying small casks of brandy around their necks is just that - a myth. While they did carry small barrels, they contained medicine and food, not alcohol. The breed's name comes from the Great St. Bernard Pass in the Western Alps between Switzerland and Italy, where the monks first bred them for rescue work.
History and Origin
The Saint Bernard boasts a rich history dating back to the 11th century when they were developed by monks in the Swiss Alps for rescue work.
Alpine Origins
The breed's development began around 1050 AD at the Great St. Bernard Hospice, a traveler's hospice founded by Bernard of Menthon in the Swiss Alps. The monks needed large, strong dogs to assist with rescue operations in the treacherous mountain passes where travelers frequently became lost or trapped in avalanches.
The original Saint Bernards were likely descended from Roman molosser dogs left in the Alps by Roman armies. Over centuries, the monks selectively bred these dogs for specific traits: size and strength to navigate deep snow, a thick coat for insulation against extreme cold, intelligence and a keen sense of direction to find lost travelers, and a gentle temperament to comfort those they rescued.
Rescue Heritage and Modern Development
During the early 19th century, severe winters and disease nearly wiped out the breed. To preserve them, the remaining Saints were crossed with Newfoundlands, which introduced the long-haired variety. This cross likely saved the breed from extinction but also introduced some health issues. The first Saint Bernards came to England in 1810, and to America in 1885. The breed was officially recognized by the AKC in 1885. While modern Saint Bernards are rarely used for Alpine rescue work today (having been largely replaced by helicopters and specialized teams), they retain the gentle, watchful nature that made them ideal for this work.
Breed Development Timeline
- 11th Century: Developed at Great St. Bernard Hospice in Swiss Alps
- 17th-19th Centuries: Used extensively for Alpine rescue work
- Early 19th Century: Nearly extinct due to severe winters and disease
- 1810: First Saints brought to England
- 1885: First Saints brought to America; AKC recognition
- 20th Century: Transition from working dog to family companion
- Present Day: Beloved family companion and show dog
Appearance & Physical Traits
The Saint Bernard is an impressively large, powerful dog with a noble expression and substantial build designed for mountain rescue work.
Physical Characteristics
- Body: Powerful, substantial, and muscular with strong bone structure
- Head: Massive, impressive with powerful jaws and pronounced stop
- Eyes: Medium size, dark brown with intelligent, friendly expression
- Ears: Medium size, set high, hanging close to head
- Tail: Long, heavy, carried low with upward curve at end
- Gait: Powerful, smooth, and efficient with good reach
Coat and Colors
The Saint Bernard comes in two coat varieties, both with specific color patterns:
- Coat Types: Smooth (short) or rough (medium-long) double coat
- Color Patterns: Always white with colored markings in specific distribution
- Base Colors: White background with red, mahogany, brindle, or orange markings
- Required Markings: White muzzle, blaze, chest, collar, tail tip, feet
- Facial Markings: Dark mask preferred on smooth coat variety
Size and Proportion
Saint Bernards are among the largest dog breeds with substantial dimensions:
- Height: Males 28-30 inches; females 26-28 inches at shoulder
- Weight: Males 140-180 pounds; females 120-140 pounds
- Build: Powerful and substantial with balanced proportions
- Substance: Heavy bone and substantial muscle mass
Temperament & Personality
The Saint Bernard's temperament combines gentle patience with watchful protectiveness, creating a calm yet alert family companion.
Gentle & Patient
Saint Bernards are famously gentle and patient, especially with children. Their calm demeanor and tolerance make them excellent family companions.
Watchful & Alert
Bred to be constantly aware of their surroundings, Saints are naturally watchful and will alert to anything unusual, though they're rarely aggressive.
Calm & Dignified
Despite their size, Saints are generally calm indoors and have a dignified presence. They're content to lounge near their family.
Friendly & Sociable
Saints are typically friendly and sociable with proper socialization. They usually get along well with other animals and people.
Important Temperament Considerations
Saint Bernards are generally calm and gentle but require proper socialization from an early age due to their size. Their massive stature means that even accidental bumps or leaning can be problematic, so they need to be taught appropriate behavior around people, especially children. They mature slowly, both physically and mentally, and may not reach full maturity until 3 years of age. Saints can be reserved with strangers but should never be shy or aggressive without cause. Early positive experiences with various people, places, and situations are crucial for developing a well-adjusted adult. Their gentle nature means they thrive on positive reinforcement training methods and do not respond well to harsh correction.
Temperament Traits
Exercise & Activity Needs
Despite their large size, Saint Bernards have moderate exercise requirements and are generally calm indoors.
Daily Exercise
30-45 Minutes
Regular walks, gentle play sessions, or supervised activities. Saints benefit from consistent, moderate exercise rather than strenuous activity.
Avoid over-exercising puppies to protect developing joints.
Mental Stimulation
Daily
Training sessions, puzzle toys, and scent work provide necessary mental challenges. Their intelligent nature needs regular engagement.
Prevents boredom while accommodating their calm nature.
Indoor Activity
As Desired
Saints are generally calm indoors and content with moderate activity. They appreciate comfortable resting areas and family companionship.
Known as excellent "couch potatoes" when properly exercised.
Weekly Exercise Schedule
- Daily: 30-45 minutes of walking divided into multiple shorter sessions
- 4-5 times per week: Short training sessions or interactive games
- Weekly: Opportunities for gentle exploration in secure areas
- Ongoing: Access to appropriate chew toys and mental stimulation
Exercise Considerations
Saint Bernard puppies should not be over-exercised during their growth period to protect developing joints. Avoid strenuous exercise like long runs or jumping until they reach physical maturity around 18-24 months. These giant breeds are prone to joint issues, so maintaining a healthy weight is crucial. Saints are sensitive to heat due to their heavy build and thick coat, so exercise during cooler parts of the day in warm weather and provide plenty of fresh water. They're not built for endurance activities but enjoy gentle walks and moderate play. Always use a sturdy leash and properly fitted harness for walks, as their strength can be difficult to manage if they pull. Be mindful of their size when choosing walking routes to avoid obstacles.
Diet & Nutrition
Proper nutrition is essential for Saint Bernards, who require a carefully balanced diet to support their giant size and prevent rapid growth.
Puppy Diet
0-18 Months
Large breed puppy food formulated for controlled growth, fed 3-4 times daily. Proper calcium-phosphorus balance is crucial for bone development.
Puppies need frequent, measured meals for proper skeletal growth.
Adult Diet
1.5-6 Years
High-quality adult giant breed dog food with balanced protein and controlled calories. Adults typically need 5-8 cups daily, divided into two meals.
Adjust portions based on activity level and metabolism.
Senior Diet
6+ Years
Senior formula with joint support, controlled calories, and adjusted nutrient levels. Monitor weight as metabolism slows and adjust portions accordingly.
Seniors may need smaller, more frequent meals.
Nutritional Requirements
- Protein: Moderate levels from high-quality sources (22-26%)
- Fat: Controlled levels to prevent excessive weight gain
- Joint Support: Glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health
- Calcium-Phosphorus Balance: Crucial for proper bone development
- Portion Control: Critical to prevent obesity and related health issues
Feeding Considerations
Saint Bernards are deep-chested dogs prone to bloat (gastric dilatation-volvulus), a life-threatening condition. Feed multiple small meals rather than one large meal, and avoid vigorous exercise before and after eating. Elevated feeding stations may actually increase bloat risk. Monitor for food allergies, which can manifest as skin issues. Always provide fresh water and avoid rapid eating by using slow feeder bowls if necessary. Saints are prone to obesity, which can exacerbate joint problems, so careful portion control is essential. Consult your veterinarian for specific dietary recommendations based on your Saint Bernard's age, activity level, and health status. The cost of feeding a Saint Bernard can be substantial due to their size.
Health & Care
Saint Bernards are generally healthy but like many giant breeds, they can be prone to certain health conditions and have a shorter lifespan than smaller dogs.
Common Health Concerns
| Health Condition | Description | Prevention/Management |
|---|---|---|
| Hip & Elbow Dysplasia | Developmental abnormalities of joints | Weight management, proper nutrition, screening breeding dogs |
| Bloat (GDV) | Life-threatening stomach torsion | Multiple small meals, no exercise around mealtimes, preventive surgery |
| Heart Conditions | Dilated cardiomyopathy, other cardiac issues | Regular cardiac screening, medication management |
| Osteosarcoma | Aggressive bone cancer | Early detection, veterinary monitoring, prompt treatment |
| Eye Problems | Entropion, ectropion, cherry eye | Regular eye exams, surgical correction if needed |
| Skin Fold Infections | Bacterial or yeast infections in skin folds | Regular cleaning and drying of facial and body folds |
Grooming Requirements
The Saint Bernard's coat requires regular maintenance, with different needs for smooth and rough coat varieties.
Regular Brushing
Weekly
Weekly brushing with slicker brush or undercoat rake. Daily brushing during heavy shedding seasons. Regular ear cleaning, nail trimming, and dental care.
Heavy shedding occurs during seasonal changes.
Skin Fold & Coat Care
Daily
Daily cleaning and drying of facial and body skin folds to prevent infections. Regular bathing and professional grooming for rough coats.
Prevents painful skin infections and irritation.
Preventive Care
- Regular Veterinary Visits: Semi-annual check-ups recommended for giants
- Dental Care: Daily brushing and professional cleanings as needed
- Weight Management: Critical to prevent joint stress and other issues
- Joint Health: Appropriate exercise and supplements as recommended
- Parasite Prevention: Regular flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
Training & Behavior
Training a Saint Bernard requires patience, consistency, and an understanding of their calm but sometimes stubborn nature.
Training Approach
- Positive Reinforcement: Use reward-based training with high-value treats, praise, and affection
- Early Start: Begin training and socialization from 8-10 weeks old
- Consistency: Establish clear rules and expectations from the beginning
- Gentle Methods: Saints are sensitive and do not respond well to harsh correction
- Short Sessions: Keep training brief and engaging to maintain focus
Socialization Needs
Early and extensive socialization is crucial for Saint Bernards:
- Puppy Classes: Enroll in puppy kindergarten for early socialization
- Various Environments: Expose to different people, places, and situations
- Controlled Introductions: Supervised meetings with various people and animals
- Positive Experiences: Ensure new experiences are positive and not overwhelming
Training Tips
Saint Bernards respond best to positive reinforcement methods and patient, consistent training. Their intelligence means they learn quickly but may challenge commands that seem arbitrary. Socialization is particularly important to ensure they develop into well-adjusted adults comfortable with their size. Training should focus on establishing reliable obedience and solid manners, with special emphasis on not jumping up or leaning on people due to their massive size. Remember that Saints mature slowly and may not reach full mental maturity until 2-3 years of age. Be patient and consistent, and celebrate small victories. These gentle giants excel when training is built on mutual trust and respect. Early leash training is essential for managing their size and strength.
Common Behavioral Issues
- Leaning: May lean against people, which can be problematic due to size
- Drooling: Heavy drooling, especially after eating or drinking
- Stubbornness: May ignore commands if not properly motivated
- Separation Anxiety: Can develop when left alone for long periods
- Snoring: Loud snoring due to their facial structure
Living Environment
Saint Bernards can adapt to various living situations when their needs for space, comfort, and companionship are met.
Ideal Home Setup
- Space: Best suited for homes with ample indoor space and access to a yard
- Secure Fencing: Important for safety and peace of mind
- Indoor Access: Should live indoors as part of the family
- Comfortable Resting: Orthopedic beds to support joints, multiple resting areas
Family Compatibility
- Children: Generally excellent with children; supervision with young children due to size
- Other Pets: Usually good with other pets when properly introduced
- Seniors: May be suitable for less active households due to calm nature
- First-time Owners: Possible with proper research and commitment to training
Important Considerations
Saint Bernards are massive dogs that require proper space and accommodations. Their size means they can accidentally knock over furniture, people, or children. They need sturdy, appropriately sized equipment including beds, bowls, and crates. Potential owners should be prepared for significant drooling, snoring, and substantial food and veterinary costs. Saints are best suited for households where someone is home regularly, as they thrive on companionship. They're sensitive to extreme temperatures and need climate-controlled environments. Their shorter lifespan means owners must be prepared for the heartbreak of losing their companion sooner than with smaller breeds. Always consider the practicalities of transporting a giant breed before acquiring one.
Best Living Situation
The ideal home for a Saint Bernard is with an individual or family who:
- Has adequate space for a giant breed
- Can provide consistent training and socialization
- Values a calm, gentle companion
- Can afford substantial food and veterinary costs
- Is prepared for drooling, snoring, and shorter lifespan
Cost & Availability
Saint Bernards are a less common breed with specific considerations regarding cost and availability.
Initial Costs
| Expense | Cost Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Purchase Price | $1,500 - $3,000+ | From reputable breeders; show quality at higher end |
| Adoption Fee | $300 - $600 | From shelters or breed-specific rescues |
| Initial Supplies | $500 - $1,000+ | Extra-large crate, bed, bowls, collar, leash, grooming tools |
| Initial Vet Care | $500 - $1,000 | Exams, vaccinations, spay/neuter, microchip |
| Training Classes | $200 - $500 | Puppy kindergarten and basic obedience |
Annual Costs
- Food: $1,000 - $1,800+ for high-quality giant breed dog food
- Veterinary Care: $800 - $2,000+ for routine care and potential health issues
- Grooming: $300 - $600 for supplies or professional grooming
- Preventive Medications: $400 - $800 for flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
- Training/Activities: $200 - $500 for ongoing classes or activities
- Miscellaneous: $400 - $800 for toys, treats, replacements
- Insurance: $800 - $1,500+ for giant breed insurance
Availability
- Breeders: Fewer reputable breeders available; research essential
- Rescues: Available through shelters and breed-specific rescues
- Popularity: Less common than many breeds; ranks around 50th in AKC
- Geographic Variation: Available throughout the country but less common
- Waiting Period: Often wait for puppies from reputable breeders
Similar Breeds
If you're interested in the Saint Bernard but want to explore similar breeds, consider these alternatives:
Newfoundland
Similar giant size and gentle temperament but with different coat and heritage. Generally more water-oriented with different exercise needs.
Great Pyrenees
Similar giant size and guardian heritage but with different coat and temperament. Generally more independent with different exercise needs.
Bernese Mountain Dog
Similar size and Swiss heritage but with different coat and temperament. Generally more energetic with different health considerations.
Mastiff
Similar giant size and gentle nature but with different appearance and heritage. Generally more protective with different exercise needs.
Frequently Asked Questions
Saint Bernards can be excellent family pets for the right families. They're typically gentle, patient, and affectionate with children they're raised with. However, their massive size means supervision is essential, especially with young children who could be accidentally knocked over. They form strong bonds with their families and are generally calm and affectionate indoors. Saints are known for their gentle nature and protective instincts, which can make them excellent family guardians. They're best suited for families with adequate space and who can manage their substantial size, drooling, and potential health issues. With proper training, socialization, and care, Saint Bernards can be wonderful family companions.
Despite their giant size, Saint Bernards have relatively moderate exercise needs. They typically require 30-45 minutes of daily activity, preferably divided into multiple shorter sessions. This should include gentle walks and moderate play. Saints are not endurance athletes and can overheat easily due to their size and thick coat. Puppies should not be over-exercised to protect developing joints. Mental stimulation is also important for this intelligent breed. While they enjoy outdoor time, Saints are generally calm indoors and are often described as "couch potatoes" who are content to lounge with their families. Their exercise requirements make them suitable for less active households, though they still need regular activity to maintain health.
Saint Bernards are not typically aggressive, but they are protective guardians with instincts to defend their family and territory. With proper socialization and training, they learn to distinguish between normal situations and genuine threats. They're generally calm and friendly rather than overtly aggressive. However, their protective nature means they may be wary of strangers and react defensively if they perceive a threat. This is why early and ongoing socialization is crucial. In the hands of inexperienced owners or without proper training, their protective instincts can become problematic. Well-bred Saints should have stable temperaments and be neither shy nor aggressive without cause. Responsible ownership and proper training are essential for well-adjusted behavior.
Saint Bernards can adapt to apartment living if their exercise needs are properly met, but they're generally better suited to homes with more space. Their giant size means they need adequate room to move comfortably indoors, and they can accidentally damage furniture or belongings in tight spaces. Additionally, their substantial size can make navigating stairs difficult, especially as they age. While exceptionally well-trained Saints might adapt to apartment life with dedicated owners who provide sufficient exercise and access to outdoor areas, this breed is generally better suited for homes with more space. Apartment dwellers must be committed to providing daily walks and regular trips to parks or other areas where the dog can exercise properly.
Saint Bernards typically get along well with other pets, especially when raised with them from puppyhood. Their generally calm and gentle nature makes them good companions for other animals. However, their massive size means interactions should always be supervised, especially with smaller pets who could be accidentally injured. Proper introduction and supervision are essential when adding new pets to the household. Early socialization helps them learn to interact appropriately with other animals. Some Saints may have a higher prey drive and chase smaller animals, so careful management is necessary, particularly with cats or other small pets. With proper training and socialization, most Saints live happily with other animals, but their interactions should always be monitored.
The average lifespan of a Saint Bernard is 8-10 years, which is typical for giant breeds but shorter than smaller dogs. With excellent care, some individuals may live slightly longer, but it's uncommon for Saints to reach 10 years. Factors that influence lifespan include genetics, diet, exercise, preventive veterinary care, and management of breed-specific health issues. Providing a healthy lifestyle with proper weight management, regular veterinary check-ups, attention to joint health, and prompt treatment of any health concerns can help ensure your Saint Bernard lives a long, healthy life. Be aware that like all giant breeds, they can be prone to certain health conditions like joint dysplasia, cardiac issues, and bloat that can affect quality of life and longevity.
Saint Bernards are intelligent and generally eager to please, but they can be stubborn and independent thinkers. They respond best to positive reinforcement training, patience, and consistency. Their intelligence means they learn quickly but may challenge commands that don't seem purposeful to them. Early socialization and obedience training are crucial. Their independent thinking means they may not always obey immediately, especially if they perceive a more pressing guardian duty. Training requires patience, consistency, and an understanding of the breed's characteristics. They're best suited for owners who can provide confident, gentle leadership. While not the easiest breed to train, they're certainly trainable with the right approach and dedication.
Saint Bernards can be challenging for first-time dog owners due to their massive size, strength, potential health issues, and substantial costs. Their size alone makes them difficult to manage for inexperienced owners. However, their generally calm temperament and lower exercise needs can make them more manageable than some other large breeds. A dedicated first-time owner who does thorough research, works with experienced trainers, commits to proper socialization, and is prepared for the financial responsibility could potentially succeed with a Saint Bernard. That said, most experts recommend starting with a less challenging breed. If a first-time owner chooses a Saint Bernard, professional training classes, mentorship from experienced owners, and careful selection from a reputable breeder are highly recommended.
Bottom Line: Is a Saint Bernard Right for You?
The Saint Bernard is a magnificent giant breed with a heroic history and remarkably gentle, patient nature. These Alpine rescuers combine immense size with a sweet disposition that belies their formidable appearance. However, they're not the right choice for everyone. Their massive size, substantial costs, potential health issues, and shorter lifespan require committed, prepared owners. They thrive in homes with adequate space and families who understand and respect their giant breed needs. If you're prepared for the challenges of owning a gentle giant and can provide the necessary training, proper healthcare, and loving environment, a Saint Bernard might be your perfect companion. This noble breed rewards dedicated owners with unwavering loyalty, gentle affection, and a heroic spirit that has saved countless lives throughout history.
References and Further Readings
1- The St. Bernard: Alpine Rescue Dog or Manchester Manufacture? | Johns Hopkins University Press
2- St. Bernard (dog breed) - Wikipedia
3- Nutritional Considerations for Large and Giant Breed Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals
4- What Dog Owners Need to Know About the FDA’s Grain-Free Diet Alert and DCM | American Kennel Club
5- How to Care for Your Large-Breed Dog | American Kennel Club
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