Dawn Lowery 
Boerboel
Boerboel: The South African Guardian
Confident, Powerful, and Devoted
The Boerboel is a South African mastiff-type breed known for its imposing size, powerful build, and unwavering loyalty as a family guardian. These impressive dogs combine tremendous strength with intelligence and discernment, making them exceptional protectors while maintaining a gentle demeanor with their families.
Originally developed by Dutch, German, and Huguenot settlers in South Africa during the 17th century, Boerboels were bred to protect remote homesteads from dangerous predators including lions, hyenas, and baboons. Their name derives from the Afrikaans words "boer" meaning farmer and "boel" meaning dog or mastiff.
In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore everything you need to know about the Boerboel—from their fascinating South African origins to their specific care requirements and whether this powerful guardian might be the right companion for your lifestyle and experience level.
Basic Information
The Boerboel is a large mastiff-type breed known for its powerful build, protective instincts, and loyal nature. Despite their formidable appearance, these dogs are typically calm, confident, and devoted to their families.
| Other Names | South African Mastiff, South African Boerboel |
|---|---|
| Breed Group | Working (AKC) |
| Origin | South Africa |
| Height | 24-27 inches (males), 22-25 inches (females) |
| Weight | 150-200 pounds |
| Lifespan | 9-11 years |
| Coat | Short, dense, smooth, and shiny |
| Colors | Brindle, brown, cream, red, reddish-brown, tawny |
| Temperament | Confident, intelligent, calm, protective, loyal |
| Energy Level | Medium - requires regular exercise and mental stimulation |
| Good With | Families with older children; requires proper socialization |
Did You Know?
The Boerboel was nearly extinct after World Wars I and II, with only a handful of dedicated breeders working to preserve the breed in the 1980s. Their name comes from Afrikaans/Dutch words meaning "farmer's mastiff." These dogs were historically used not just for protection but also for hunting dangerous game like leopards. The American Kennel Club officially recognized the Boerboel in 2015. Despite their fierce reputation as guardians, well-socialized Boerboels are known to be excellent with children within their family and have even been used as therapy dogs.
History and Origin
The Boerboel has a rich history dating back to the mid-1600s in South Africa, where European settlers developed the breed for protection and farm work.
South African Origins
The breed's development began when Dutch, German, and Huguenot settlers arrived in South Africa, bringing with them large mastiff-type dogs from Europe. Jan van Riebeeck, who established a Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, brought a Bullenbijter (meaning "bull biter"), a now-extinct mastiff-type breed.
These European dogs were crossbred with other strong breeds and local African dogs to create a dog capable of surviving the harsh African conditions while providing protection from dangerous predators. The resulting Boerboel served as an all-purpose farm dog - guarding homesteads, protecting families from wildlife threats, and sometimes assisting with hunting.
Preservation and Modern Development
By the early 20th century, urbanization and crossbreeding threatened the Boerboel with extinction. After World War II, only a few pure examples remained. In the 1980s, a group of breed enthusiasts formed the South African Boerboel Breeders Association to locate remaining true Boerboels across South Africa and establish a breeding program to preserve the breed. The Kennel Union of South Africa recognized the breed in the 1990s, and the American Kennel Club granted full recognition in 2015. Today, dedicated breeders worldwide continue to preserve the Boerboel's working abilities and stable temperament.
Breed Development Timeline
- 1652: European settlers arrive in South Africa with mastiff-type dogs
- 17th-19th Centuries: Developed as all-purpose farm guardians in remote South African homesteads
- Early 20th Century: Breed nearly extinct due to urbanization and crossbreeding
- 1980s: Breed enthusiasts begin organized preservation efforts
- 1990s: Official recognition by Kennel Union of South Africa
- 2015: Full AKC recognition
- Present Day: Growing popularity as family guardians and companions
Appearance & Physical Traits
The Boerboel is an impressively large, powerful, and well-muscled dog with a distinctive blocky head and confident bearing.
Physical Characteristics
- Body: Powerful, substantial, and muscular with strong bone structure
- Head: Blocky, broad, and square with a broad, deep muzzle
- Eyes: Medium size, brown (preferably dark) with intelligent expression
- Ears: Medium size, V-shaped, set high and close to head
- Tail: Thick, set fairly high; may be docked or undocked
- Feet: Large, rounded with well-arched toes and thick pads
- Gait: Powerful, purposeful, and agile movement
Coat and Colors
The Boerboel has a distinctive short coat that comes in several accepted colors:
- Coat Types: Short, dense, smooth, and shiny with good pigment
- Color Patterns: Solid colors or brindle; black mask is desirable
- Colors: Brindle, brown, cream, red, reddish-brown, tawny
- Markings: White patches on legs and forechest are permissible
- Skin: Thick and loose but fits smoothly
Size and Proportion
Boerboels are substantial dogs with impressive dimensions:
- Height: Males 24-27 inches; females 22-25 inches at shoulder
- Weight: 150-200 pounds, with males typically larger
- Build: Powerful and substantial with balanced proportions
- Substance: Heavy bone and substantial muscle mass
Temperament & Personality
The Boerboel's temperament combines confident protectiveness with calm devotion to family, creating a reliable yet affectionate companion.
Confident & Protective
Boerboels are naturally protective guardians with strong instincts to defend their family and territory. They're courageous and won't back down from genuine threats.
Loyal & Devoted
Extremely loyal to their families, Boerboels form strong bonds and are devoted companions. They're known for their steadfast commitment to those they love.
Intelligent & Discerning
Boerboels are bright dogs with good judgment. They can distinguish between normal situations and genuine threats when properly socialized.
Calm & Stable
Despite their size and protective nature, well-bred Boerboels are typically calm and stable indoors, with an even temperament when properly exercised.
Important Temperament Considerations
Boerboels are dominant, confident dogs that require experienced handling and early, extensive socialization. Their protective instincts mean they can be wary of strangers and may show aggression toward unfamiliar dogs, particularly those of the same sex. Proper socialization from puppyhood is crucial to help them develop into well-adjusted adults. These dogs require firm, consistent leadership and positive reinforcement training. They are not recommended for first-time dog owners or those unable to provide strong leadership. Their size and strength make proper training and socialization essential for safety. Boerboels thrive when they have clear boundaries and consistent rules.
Temperament Traits
Exercise & Activity Needs
Despite their large size, Boerboels have moderate exercise requirements but need consistent activity and mental stimulation.
Daily Exercise
60+ Minutes
Regular walks, play sessions, or other activities. Boerboels benefit from consistent daily exercise to maintain health and prevent boredom.
Multiple shorter sessions are better than one long intense session.
Mental Stimulation
Daily
Training sessions, puzzle toys, and interactive games provide necessary mental challenges. Their intelligent nature needs regular engagement.
Prevents boredom and destructive behaviors.
Strength Activities
Weekly
Weight pull training, cart pulling, or other strength-based activities. Boerboels enjoy using their power in constructive ways.
Builds confidence and provides appropriate outlets for energy.
Weekly Exercise Schedule
- Daily: 60+ minutes of walking divided into multiple sessions
- 4-5 times per week: Training sessions or interactive games
- 2-3 times per week: More vigorous play or strength activities
- Ongoing: Access to secure outdoor space for monitoring and patrolling
Exercise Considerations
Boerboel puppies should not be over-exercised during their growth period to protect developing joints. Avoid strenuous exercise like long runs or jumping until they reach physical maturity around 18-24 months. These large breeds are prone to joint issues, so maintaining a healthy weight is crucial. Boerboels are better suited to cooler climates and can overheat in warm weather, so exercise during cooler parts of the day and provide plenty of fresh water. Always use a sturdy leash and properly fitted harness for walks, as their strength can be difficult to manage if they pull. Due to their protective nature, off-leash exercise should only occur in securely fenced areas.
Diet & Nutrition
Proper nutrition is essential for Boerboels, who require a carefully balanced diet to support their large size and prevent rapid growth.
Puppy Diet
0-18 Months
Large breed puppy food formulated for controlled growth, fed 3-4 times daily. Proper calcium-phosphorus balance is crucial for bone development.
Puppies need frequent, measured meals for proper skeletal growth.
Adult Diet
1.5-7 Years
High-quality adult large breed dog food with balanced protein and controlled calories. Adults typically need 6-10 cups daily, divided into two meals.
Adjust portions based on activity level and metabolism.
Senior Diet
7+ Years
Senior formula with joint support, controlled calories, and adjusted nutrient levels. Monitor weight as metabolism slows and adjust portions accordingly.
Seniors may need smaller, more frequent meals.
Nutritional Requirements
- Protein: Moderate levels from high-quality sources (22-26%)
- Fat: Controlled levels to prevent excessive weight gain
- Joint Support: Glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health
- Calcium-Phosphorus Balance: Crucial for proper bone development
- Portion Control: Critical to prevent obesity and related health issues
Feeding Considerations
Boerboels are deep-chested dogs prone to bloat (gastric dilatation-volvulus), a life-threatening condition. Feed multiple small meals rather than one large meal, and avoid vigorous exercise before and after eating. Elevated feeding stations may actually increase bloat risk. Monitor for food allergies, which can manifest as skin issues. Always provide fresh water and avoid rapid eating by using slow feeder bowls if necessary. Boerboels are prone to obesity, which can exacerbate joint problems, so careful portion control is essential. Consult your veterinarian for specific dietary recommendations based on your Boerboel's age, activity level, and health status. The cost of feeding a Boerboel can be substantial due to their size.
Health & Care
Boerboels are generally healthy but like many large breeds, they can be prone to certain health conditions and have a shorter lifespan than smaller dogs.
Common Health Concerns
| Health Condition | Description | Prevention/Management |
|---|---|---|
| Hip & Elbow Dysplasia | Developmental abnormalities of joints | Weight management, proper nutrition, screening breeding dogs |
| Bloat (GDV) | Life-threatening stomach torsion | Multiple small meals, no exercise around mealtimes, preventive surgery |
| Heart Conditions | Dilated cardiomyopathy, other cardiac issues | Regular cardiac screening, medication management |
| Eye Problems | Ectropion, entropion, other eyelid disorders | Regular eye exams, surgical correction if needed |
| Vaginal Hyperplasia | Female reproductive system disorder | Veterinary monitoring, surgical intervention if severe |
| Juvenile Epilepsy | Neurological disorder affecting puppies | Medication management, veterinary care |
Grooming Requirements
The Boerboel's short coat requires minimal maintenance but benefits from regular care.
Regular Brushing
Weekly
Weekly brushing with soft brush or grooming mitt. More frequent brushing during seasonal shedding. Regular ear cleaning, nail trimming, and dental care.
Moderate shedding occurs year-round with heavier seasonal shedding.
Skin and Wrinkle Care
As Needed
Regular cleaning of facial wrinkles and skin folds to prevent infections. Occasional bathing to maintain skin and coat health.
Prevents skin infections in wrinkles and folds.
Preventive Care
- Regular Veterinary Visits: Semi-annual check-ups recommended for large breeds
- Dental Care: Daily brushing and professional cleanings as needed
- Weight Management: Critical to prevent joint stress and other issues
- Joint Health: Appropriate exercise and supplements as recommended
- Parasite Prevention: Regular flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
Training & Behavior
Training a Boerboel requires patience, consistency, and an understanding of their intelligent but dominant nature.
Training Approach
- Positive Reinforcement: Use reward-based training with high-value treats, praise, and affection
- Early Start: Begin training and socialization from 8-10 weeks old
- Consistency: Establish clear rules and expectations from the beginning
- Firm Leadership: Boerboels require confident, consistent leadership
- Short Sessions: Keep training brief and engaging to maintain focus
Socialization Needs
Early and extensive socialization is crucial for Boerboels:
- Puppy Classes: Enroll in puppy kindergarten for early socialization
- Various Environments: Expose to different people, places, and situations
- Controlled Introductions: Supervised meetings with various people and animals
- Positive Experiences: Ensure new experiences are positive and not overwhelming
Training Tips
Boerboels respond best to confident leadership and consistent, positive training methods. Their intelligence means they learn quickly but may challenge authority if they sense inconsistency. Socialization is particularly important to ensure they develop into well-adjusted adults comfortable with their role as guardians. Training should focus on establishing reliable obedience and solid manners, with special emphasis on leash skills and appropriate behavior around strangers. Remember that Boerboels mature slowly and may not reach full mental maturity until 2-3 years of age. Be patient and consistent, and celebrate small victories. These powerful dogs excel when training is built on mutual respect and clear communication. Early leash training is essential for managing their size and strength.
Common Behavioral Issues
- Protective Aggression: May be overly protective without proper socialization
- Same-Sex Aggression: Can be aggressive toward dogs of the same sex
- Stubbornness: May ignore commands if not properly motivated or respected
- Destructive Behavior: Can occur when under-exercised or under-stimulated
- Territorial Behavior: Strong instinct to guard property and family
Living Environment
Boerboels require specific living conditions to thrive, including adequate space, secure boundaries, and experienced ownership.
Ideal Home Setup
- Space: Best suited for homes with ample indoor space and access to a securely fenced yard
- Secure Fencing: Essential for safety and to satisfy their territorial instincts
- Indoor Access: Should live indoors as part of the family, not kept outdoors exclusively
- Comfortable Resting: Orthopedic beds to support joints, multiple resting areas
Family Compatibility
- Children: Generally good with older children in their family; supervision essential
- Other Pets: May be challenging with other dogs, particularly same-sex; early socialization crucial
- Experience Level: Best for experienced dog owners who understand dominant breeds
- First-time Owners: Not recommended due to their strength and training requirements
Important Considerations
Boerboels are powerful dogs that require specific living conditions and experienced handling. Their size means they can accidentally knock over people or furniture. They need sturdy, appropriately sized equipment including beds, bowls, and crates. Potential owners should be prepared for significant food costs, veterinary expenses, and potential liability concerns. Boerboels are banned or restricted in some countries and municipalities due to their size and protective nature. They're best suited for households where someone is home regularly, as they thrive on companionship and supervision. Their protective instincts require careful management around visitors and in public spaces. Always consider the practicalities of transporting and housing a large, powerful breed before acquiring one.
Best Living Situation
The ideal home for a Boerboel is with an individual or family who:
- Has experience with large, dominant breeds
- Can provide consistent training and extensive socialization
- Has adequate space and secure fencing
- Values a protective yet family-oriented companion
- Can afford substantial food, veterinary, and potential liability costs
Cost & Availability
Boerboels are a less common breed with specific considerations regarding cost and availability.
Initial Costs
| Expense | Cost Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Purchase Price | $1,500 - $3,500+ | From reputable breeders; show quality at higher end |
| Adoption Fee | $300 - $600 | From shelters or breed-specific rescues |
| Initial Supplies | $500 - $1,000+ | Extra-large crate, bed, bowls, collar, leash, grooming tools |
| Initial Vet Care | $500 - $1,000 | Exams, vaccinations, spay/neuter, microchip |
| Training Classes | $200 - $500 | Puppy kindergarten and basic obedience |
Annual Costs
- Food: $1,000 - $1,800+ for high-quality large breed dog food
- Veterinary Care: $800 - $2,000+ for routine care and potential health issues
- Preventive Medications: $400 - $800 for flea, tick, and heartworm prevention
- Training/Activities: $200 - $500 for ongoing classes or activities
- Miscellaneous: $400 - $800 for toys, treats, replacements
- Insurance: $800 - $1,500+ for large breed insurance
Availability
- Breeders: Fewer reputable breeders available; thorough research essential
- Rescues: Available through shelters and breed-specific rescues
- Popularity: Less common than many breeds; growing in recognition
- Geographic Variation: More available in certain regions; may require travel
- Waiting Period: Often wait for puppies from reputable breeders
Similar Breeds
If you're interested in the Boerboel but want to explore similar breeds, consider these alternatives:
Bullmastiff
Similar size and protective nature but generally less dominant. Developed in England as estate guardians, known for being slightly more reserved.
Cane Corso
Similar protective instincts and intelligence but generally more athletic and agile. Italian mastiff breed with ancient Roman origins.
Dogue de Bordeaux
Similar massive build and protective nature but generally more laid-back. French mastiff known for distinctive massive head and wrinkled face.
Rhodesian Ridgeback
Similar African origins and protective instincts but more athletic and less massive. Known for distinctive ridge along the back and history of lion hunting.
Frequently Asked Questions
Boerboels can be excellent family dogs for the right families. They're typically loyal, protective, and devoted to their families, often forming strong bonds with all members. However, their large size and protective nature require careful management, especially with young children who could be accidentally knocked over. They're best suited for families with older children and experienced dog owners who can provide proper training and socialization. Well-socialized Boerboels are known to be gentle and patient with children in their family, but their size and strength mean supervision is always recommended during interactions.
Boerboels have moderate exercise needs despite their large size. They typically require at least 60 minutes of daily activity, preferably divided into multiple sessions. This should include walks, play sessions, and mental stimulation. While they're not extremely high-energy dogs, they do need regular exercise to maintain health and prevent boredom-related behaviors. Boerboels enjoy having a secure yard to patrol and monitor, but this doesn't replace structured exercise and walks. Mental stimulation through training and interactive toys is equally important for this intelligent breed. Puppies should not be over-exercised to protect developing joints.
Boerboels are protective rather than inherently aggressive, but their protective instincts are strong. With proper socialization and training, they learn to distinguish between normal situations and genuine threats. They're typically calm and confident rather than overtly aggressive. However, their protective nature means they may be wary of strangers and react defensively if they perceive a threat to their family or territory. This is why early and ongoing socialization is crucial. In the hands of inexperienced owners or without proper training, their protective instincts can become problematic. Well-bred Boerboels should have stable temperaments and be neither shy nor unnecessarily aggressive.
Boerboels can adapt to apartment living if their exercise needs are properly met, but they're generally better suited to homes with more space. Their large size means they need adequate room to move comfortably indoors, and they can be challenging in tight spaces. Additionally, their protective nature and tendency to alert bark can be problematic in close-quarters living situations. While exceptionally well-trained Boerboels might adapt to apartment life with dedicated owners who provide sufficient exercise and mental stimulation, this breed is generally better suited for homes with yards and more space. Apartment dwellers must be committed to providing daily walks and appropriate outlets for their energy and protective instincts.
Boerboels can be challenging with other pets, particularly dogs of the same sex. Their dominant nature and protective instincts mean they may not tolerate other dogs well, especially those they perceive as challenging their authority. Early socialization is crucial, but even with proper socialization, many Boerboels do best as the only dog in the household. They may accept other pets they're raised with from puppyhood, but introductions to new animals should be done carefully and under supervision. Their prey drive can also be strong, so caution is advised around smaller pets. With proper training and management, some Boerboels can live successfully with other pets, but this requires careful planning and ongoing supervision.
The average lifespan of a Boerboel is 9-11 years, which is typical for large breeds but shorter than smaller dogs. With excellent care, some individuals may live slightly longer, but it's uncommon for Boerboels to reach 12 years. Factors that influence lifespan include genetics, diet, exercise, preventive veterinary care, and management of breed-specific health issues. Providing a healthy lifestyle with proper weight management, regular veterinary check-ups, attention to joint health, and prompt treatment of any health concerns can help ensure your Boerboel lives a long, healthy life. Be aware that like all large breeds, they can be prone to certain health conditions like joint dysplasia, cardiac issues, and bloat that can affect quality of life and longevity.
Boerboels are intelligent and capable learners, but they can be strong-willed and independent thinkers. They respond best to confident, consistent training methods and positive reinforcement. Their intelligence means they learn quickly but may challenge commands that don't seem purposeful to them. Early socialization and obedience training are crucial. Their independent thinking means they may not always obey immediately, especially if they perceive a more pressing guardian duty. Training requires patience, consistency, and an understanding of the breed's characteristics. They're best suited for owners who can provide confident, firm leadership. While not the easiest breed to train, they're certainly trainable with the right approach and dedication from an experienced handler.
Boerboels are generally not recommended for first-time dog owners due to their size, strength, dominant nature, and specific training requirements. Their protective instincts, potential for same-sex aggression, and need for firm, consistent leadership make them challenging for inexperienced owners. A first-time owner who is exceptionally dedicated, does thorough research, works with experienced trainers, commits to proper socialization, and is prepared for the financial responsibility could potentially succeed with a Boerboel, but most experts recommend starting with a less challenging breed. If a first-time owner is determined to have a Boerboel, professional training classes, mentorship from experienced owners, and careful selection from a reputable breeder are essential.
Bottom Line: Is a Boerboel Right for You?
The Boerboel is a magnificent South African breed with a rich history as a farm guardian and family protector. These powerful dogs combine impressive size with intelligence, loyalty, and discerning protective instincts. However, they're not the right choice for everyone. Their substantial size, dominant nature, specific training requirements, and potential health issues require committed, experienced owners. They thrive in homes with adequate space, secure boundaries, and families who understand and respect their guardian heritage. If you're an experienced dog owner prepared for the challenges of a powerful guardian breed and can provide the necessary training, proper healthcare, and confident leadership, a Boerboel might be your perfect companion. This noble breed rewards dedicated owners with unwavering loyalty, confident protection, and a dignified presence that commands respect.
References and Further Readings
Explore More Stories
About the Author
